Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CGFD > Brannigans Building Construction CH.2 Concepts of Construction (pt.1) > Flashcards

Brannigans Building Construction CH.2 Concepts of Construction (pt.1) Flashcards

1
Q

the greatest enemy of all firefighters is what

A

gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

in a building, consists of all structural elements and the connections that support and transfer the loads-that is, the forces attributable to gravity and other sources of stress on the structure

A

gravity resistance system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fire weakens and destroys the structural elements and/or the connections in a building and places loads on structural elements that cannot handle them which can cause what ?

A

a collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

to some degree they will resist fire cause collapse

A

fire resistive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

four types of forces that can be applied to a structural member

A

compression
tension
torsion
shear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

type of force that occurs when the force squeezes structural member, such as a concrete column supporting a floor

A

compressive force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

force that stretches a member such as a steel cable that is supported on a suspended walkway

A

tensile force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

twisting force such as that created by turning a screwdriver; result of torque

A

torsional force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

measurable turning force applied to a structural member

A

torque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

force that occurs within a building member when opposing forces pull the member the opposite directions and are often the result of wind load

A

shear force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

are the result of forces applied to a structural member

A

stress and strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

an external force that acts on a structure is called what?

A

a load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

internal forces that resist the load are called what?

A

stress and strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

force per unit area that produces a deformation, can be measuredas pounds per square in (psi) or foot (psf)

A

stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

meaning 1000 lbs, used in engineering calculations where the number would be so large as to be unwieldy

A

KIP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

actual % of elongation (deformation) that occurs when a material is stressed; measured in fraction of an inch of deformation per inch of original length of the material

A

strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

works to destroy the gravity resistance system of the structure

A

load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

according to what NFPA are loads forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement and restrained dimensional changes

A

NFPA 5000: building construction and safety code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T OR F: a load can be a live load and an impact load at the same time

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the weight of the building itself and any equipment permanently attached to it or built in (a.k.a self-weight)

A

dead load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

closely related to mass

A

fire resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

any substitute structural element that is of less mass than the element previously used to carry an equivalent load is inherently what?

A

less fire resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how can dead load be increased to a structure?

A

addition of air conditioner to roof without any strengthening of the structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

also known as a bar joist

A

lightweight truss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

if a steel lightweight truss is strengthened by additional trusses, resistance from fire collapse does not improve because what?

A

all the trusses will burn and lose strength at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

loads other than dead loads

A

live loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

water in a tank may be there for years but it still what?

A

live load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

concrete vault is what?

A

dead load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

indeterminate; must be estimated based on projected use of building and such variables as snow, wind or rain

A

live loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

can be accurately calculated

A

dead load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

specifies the minimum live floor load design for specific type of buildings

A

building code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

building code minimum design load requirements for modern buildings are spelled out in what NFPA?

A

NFPA 5000 building construction and safety code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

uniform live load column refers to loads what?

A

distributed over the entire area (in psf)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

applies to specific large object

A

concentrated load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

must be able to sustain a load of at least 50 psf over the entire floor but also have the ability to sustain a load of 2000 lb at a specific location on the floor for individual or collected heavy objects (like a safe)

A

office building floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Roof often built with little reserve strength

A

flat roof buildings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

water trapped in a building or on a roof can be a significant what?

A

added live load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

characterized by 3 dimensional pyramid like trusses

A

spaceframe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

when the use of a building changes (recycled buildings) the design of the building should be reviewed to determine whether the structure should be what?

A

structurally strengthened for its new use and whether its fire safety features should be upgraded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

water weight per gallon

A

1 gallon = 8.34 lbs (3.8 kg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

in 1 minute, a 1000 gallon master stream will potentially add how much weight to a building?

A

over 4 tons (3632 kg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

loads that are delivered in a short time

A

impact loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

a load that a structure might resists, if delivered as a static load over time, may cause collapse if delivered as what?

A

an impact load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

can produce disastrously high stresses, such as from an explosion; can be delivered from a direction that has little or no stress resistance

A

lateral impact loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

built into ordinary buildings; is rarely large enough to assure that there will not be a progressive collapse in the wake of the first exercise impact load

A

safety factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

particular hazard in the construction of concrete frame buildings

A

progressive collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

can occur when the combination of products of combustion, including a mixture of carbon monoxide and oxygen, is exactly right and they can blow a building apart

A

backdraft explosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

2 types of modifications made for terrorist targets, that use distance as a means to minimize the effects of a bomb exploded near a building

A

locating buildings farther away from the street (i.e. increasing the setback) and placing bollards (posts) and barriers in front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

loads that are applied lowly and remain constant

A

static loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

example of a live static load

A

heavy safe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

a load that is applied intermittently

A

repeated load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

force applied to a building by the wind

A

wind load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

installed in a building to resist lateral loads from wind and earthquakes

A

shear wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

in small wood structures, the plywood sheathing over studs provides what?

A

shear strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

large structures use shear walls constructed of what?

A

steel, concrete, or reinforced concrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

similar structural frames used in buildings to resist lateral wind and earthquake loads; & lateral blast from bombs

A

braced frame and moment frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

uses diagonal members for bracing purposes

A

braced frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

use special moment connection between columns and beams that resist rotation

A

moment frames

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

refers to force causing rotation of a structural member around a fixed pint of connection, where the force is applied at some distance from the fixed point (i.e. force you apply to edge of a book to open)

A

moment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

force you applied multiplied by the distance between the location of the force to the point of rotation gives you what?

A

moment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

used in wood frame dwellings, using strategically placed metal straps to hold roofs in places and bolts to hold the frame to the foundation

A

hurricane bracing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

low rise buildings made of what usually have enough mass in the walls that special consideration of wind load is unnecessary?

A

masonry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

high rise buildings must be reinforced against substantial wind forces that can occur at greater heights, with what?

A

bracing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

arrangements of braces between columns resemble the letter “k”

A

k- bracing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

in old buildings and railroad bridges, heavy riveting of girders to columns from top to bottom of the frame is called what?

A

portal bracing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

framing of lightweight, unprotected, noncombustible steel buildings is what to resist wind forces?

A

tied together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

most floors of lightweight steel framing carry loads of support system of columns and floors through what?

A

ties

68
Q

Type of floor designed to stiffen the building against wind and other lateral loads such as earthquake’s (in framings of lightweight)

A

diaphragm floor

69
Q

satisfactory only for low or medium rise buildings, these type of walls are needed to enclose vertical shafts and can also perform as shear walls resisting overturning during high winds

A

masonry walls

70
Q

in what type of structures would masonry walls require shear walls with no other purpose than wind resistance to be erected above the floors where certain elevators terminate

A

megastructure

71
Q

as opposed to core construction, these buildings are externally braced

A

tube construction

72
Q

rectangular truss with very rigid corner bracings; formed by exterior box columns and spandrels

A

Vierendeel truss

73
Q

heavy loads located at one point in a building

A

concentrated loads

74
Q

steel beam resting on a masonry wall is an example of what load?

A

concentrated dead load

75
Q

a safe is what type of concentrated load ?

A

concentrated live load

76
Q

in concrete block building, building may have solid block, brick, reinforced concrete or what to stiffen the wall and carry the weight if the concentrated load?

A

wall column

77
Q

if a wall is being breached and the structure is found to be stronger than normal, you should choose another location why ?

A

you are probably right under a concentrated load

78
Q

are also classified according to the orientation in which they are placed on the structure

A

loads

79
Q

loads can be classified as what 2 things?

A

axial or eccentric

80
Q

a force that passes through the centroid of the section under construction; perpendicular to the plane of the section (i.e. person standing on a ladder)

A

axial load

81
Q

straight and true; load is evenly applied to the bearing structure

A

axial load

82
Q

a structure will sustain its greatest load when the load is what?

A

axial

83
Q

a force that is perpendicular to the plane of the section but does not pass through the center of the section, thus bending the support

A

eccentric load

84
Q

straight and true but is concentrated to one side of the center of the supporting wall or column

A

eccentric load

85
Q

represents the potential fuel available to a fire; the contents of buildings

A

fire load

86
Q

when a building is combustible the building itself is part of what?

A

fire load

87
Q

represents the total amount of potential energy (heat) in the fuel

A

fire load

88
Q

also expressed as Q; indicates the rate of available energy released

A

heat release rate (HRR)

89
Q

weight of combustible material, the caloric value for the material and the floor area help calculate what?

A

fire load of a building; pounds of fuel per square foot (psf)

90
Q

the amount of heat required to raise a pound of water one degree Fahrenheit; basic measurement of caloric value

A

Btu (British thermal unti)

91
Q

metric equivalent of 1 BTU

A

1 kilojoule (kj)

92
Q

wood, paper, and similar materials are estimated at what btu?

A

8000 but/lb

93
Q

estimate of btu for plastics and combustible liquids

A

16,000 btu/lb

94
Q

the weight of the fuel multiplied by the caloric value and divided by the floor area measures what? (equivalent metric statement is kJ/m^2)

A

measures fire load in Btu/ft^2

95
Q

plastics were converted into “equivalent pounds” on the basis that 1lb (0.5 kg) of plastic equals how much of wood?

A

2lbs (0.9kg)

96
Q

a fire load of 80,000 Btu/ft^2 or 10 lb of ordinary combustibles per ft^2 is approximately the equivalent of a how long exposure?

A

1 hour exposure

97
Q

160,000 Btu/ft^2 is equivalent to how long of an exposure?

A

2 hour exposure

98
Q

it is more important to assess a fire in terms of what?

A

HRR (Q)

99
Q

Q is usually expressin in terms of what?

A

watts (W)
kilowatts (KW)
megawatts (MW)

100
Q

a typical polyurethane sofa fire has a peak HRR of approximately ?

A

3120 KW

101
Q

primary determinant of whether a compartment will reach flashover; also used to describe size of fire (and resultant severity)

A

HRR

102
Q

can carry load that would require a compressive member of much greater size

A

slender tensile members

103
Q

hanging the ends of a beams from an overhand structure creates what?

A

suspended load

104
Q

a tensile member that has less mass will have less what also?

A

less fire resistance

105
Q

a suspended load cannot be delivered to the ground tension so it must be converted into what load ?

A

compressive load

106
Q

in old heavy timber buildings, overloaded beams are sometimes restored by inserting what, which goes up through the building; to a truss or beam extending from wall to wall in the cockloft (the space between the top floor ceiling and roof of a building of ordinary construction)

A

tie rod

107
Q

seen in high rise buildings; columns are replaced with cables suspended from beams cantilevered out from the top of the central reinforced concrete core

A

suspended beam

108
Q

represents the ratio of the strength of the material just before failure to the safe working stress

A

safety factor

109
Q

not practical to use a material in a structure so that it is loaded to what?

A

ultimate strength

110
Q

only a fraction of tested strength of a material

A

design load

111
Q

if the design load is only 1/10 of the tested strength the safety factor is

A

10

112
Q

if the design load is half the tested strength the factor of safety is

A

2

113
Q

steel. which is amde under controlled conditions has a safety factor of

A

2

114
Q

masonry constructed in place might have a safety factor of

A

10

115
Q

the less that is known about a characteristics of a material and its role in a building assembly the greater what?

A

factor of safety required

116
Q

represents a measure of what is not known about the material

A

safety factor

117
Q

relatively inexpensive material that is strong in compression but weak in tension

A

concrete

118
Q

strong in compression and tension but more costly

A

steel

119
Q

by providing steel at the locations where tensile stresses develop a composite material called what is developed?

A

reinforced concrete

120
Q

all elements of a composite material must react together for there not to be any what?

A

no failure

121
Q

combined in composite floors

A

steel and concrete

122
Q

studs that are welded to steel beams and then embedded in the concrete floor and helps stiffen the structure produces what?

A

diaphragm floor

123
Q

made by sandwiching a piece of steel between two wooden beams; can also use a sheet of plywood

A

flitch plate girder

124
Q

cheaper concrete block substitutes for brick where it will not be seen

A

brick and block composite wall

125
Q

wall in which brick and block are not structurally united

A

brick veneered concrete block wall

126
Q

sometimes used to describe buildings in which 2 different materials carry structural loads

A

composite construction

127
Q

elements (or members) that are assembled together into a structure

A

structural frame

128
Q

transmits forces in a direction perpendicular to such forces to the reaction points (points of support)

A

beam

129
Q

receives load, turns it laterally, divides it and delivers it to the reaction points

A

beam

130
Q

initial load of a beam is

A

its own dead weight

131
Q

load placed n a beam

A

superimposed load

132
Q

some beams are built with a what so that when the design load is superimposed the beam will be more nearly horizontal

A

camber; upward rise

133
Q

causes the top of a beam to shorten so that the top is in compression

A

deflection

134
Q

when bottom of beam is elongated it is in

A

tension

135
Q

line along which the length of the beam does not change; material in beam is doing least work and material can be safely removed when in this line

A

neutral axis or plane

136
Q

ideal beam, fully in tension; economical

A

cable

137
Q

achieved by material mass or by geometry

A

stiffness or reduced deflection

138
Q

load carrying capacity of a beam increases by what of its depth

A

square of its depth

139
Q

for convenience in determining loads for beams of different thickness, the information is arranged by sizes from

A

1 by 4 in to 1 by 16 in (even though no beams are as thin as 1 in)

140
Q

the load carrying capacity or strength of a beam increases as the square of the depth but increases only in direct proportion to increase in what?

A

width

141
Q

standard measurement terminology what is given first?

A

width

142
Q

floor boards can be what?

A

beams

143
Q

universal spacing for sawn wooden beams in ordinary construction and the depth

A

16 inches
depth of beam determined by design load and span

144
Q

determinant of the safe load of a beam

A

length of a span or the distance between supports

145
Q

as the length of the span increases the safe load does what?

A

decreases in direct proportion

146
Q

if the load is concentrated at the center of a beam, the permitted load is what?

A

half the distributed load

147
Q

supported at 2 points near ends; load is delivered to the 2 reaction points and the rest of the structure renders no assistance in overload

A

simple beam

148
Q

supported at 3 or more points; advantageous b/c if span b/w 2 supports is overloaded, rest of the beam assists in carrying the load

A

continuous beam

149
Q

supported at 2 points and is rigidly held in position at both points; may collapse of a wall if beam collapses and rigid connection does not yield properly

A

fixed beam

150
Q

projects beyond its support but not far enough to be a cantilever

A

overhanging beam

151
Q

diagonal member that supports what would otherwise be a cantilever

A

bracket

152
Q

a joist is a beam often made of

A

wood

153
Q

lightweight steel truss joist

A

steel joist or bar joist

154
Q

any beam of any material (not just steel) that supports other beams

A

girder

155
Q

made of steel plates and angles riveted together

A

built up girder

156
Q

beam that carries load on the exterior of a framed building b/w top of one window and the bottom of the window above

A

spandrel girder

157
Q

a beam that spans an opening in a masonry wall

A

lintel

158
Q

have word “top” cast into top to be sure they are erected with the reinforcing rods that provide tensile strength at the bottom

A

precast concrete lintels

159
Q

series of closely spaced beams designed to carry a particularly heavy load

A

grillage

160
Q

supported at only one end but is rigidly held in position at the end; resembles a playground seesaw

A

cantilever beam

161
Q

project out over a support point; beyond support point the tension is at top and compression at bottom

A

cantilever beam

162
Q

when change is to be made to foundation of existing wall, what can be inserted to pick up load of the walls?

A

needle beams (supported on both sides)

163
Q

a simple beam with one or both ends suspended on a tension member such as a chain, cable or rod (typical theater marquee)

A

suspended beam

164
Q

if fire destroys the anchoring connection of a simple beam it then becomes what ?

A

undesigned cantilever

165
Q

moves loads laterally when it is not convenient to arrange columns one above other

A

transfer beam

166
Q

if it is necessary to change the vertical alignment what must be designed to receive the concentrated load of the column and deliver it laterally to supports?

A

transfer beam

CGFD (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions