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CGFD > Brannigans Building Construction CH.10 Ordinary Construction > Flashcards

Brannigans Building Construction CH.10 Ordinary Construction Flashcards

1
Q

Until recently the chief common characteristic of ordinary construction was exterior walls made of

A

Masonry; (IBC allow you to fire retardant treated wood exterior walls)

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2
Q

A structure cannot be built unless the outer walls were constructed of masonry to limit fire extension

A

Fire limit

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3
Q

What type of buildings were banned Inside the Fire limits

A

wood frame buildings

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4
Q

Building with brick load-bearing walls and wood joists

A

Ordinary Construction

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5
Q

Ordinary construction is classified as

A

Type 3 Construction

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6
Q

Masonry walls in ordinary construction May consist of

A

Brick
Stone
Concrete block
Terracotta tile
adobe
Precast
Cast in place concrete

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7
Q

Today load-bearing wall assemblies sometimes use open cell polystyrene panels in which what is inserted to the cells for structural strength

A

Rebar and concrete

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8
Q

Building construction that consists of Masonry bearing walls with wood joist used as simple beams spanning from wall to wall

A

Traditional (Legacy) ordinary Construction

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9
Q

The joist of ordinary construction buildings are usually parallel to

A

Street Frontage of building (or smallest building dimension)

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10
Q

In ordinary construction buildings they typically have a flat roof with a what separating the top floor ceiling from the roof

A

Cockloft (void space)

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11
Q

Large concealed space in which fire spread under roof of the entire structure

A

Cockloft

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12
Q

What are sometimes seen in the side walls and are a hint that a cockloft exists behind them

A

Ventilator for cockloft

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13
Q

Multiple dwellings of traditional ordinary Construction have what between the top floor ceiling and roof deck

A

Cockloft vents

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14
Q

In typical downtown business or commercial building which was are bearing walls and non bearing

A

Side walls are bearing walls
Front and back walls are non-bearing

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15
Q

Simple Wood beam floor is satisfactory for buildings up to a practical limit of about

A

25 ft in width

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16
Q

For wider buildings (more than 25 ft) or one with an irregular floor plan, what must be provided in the interior

A

Interior masonry walls or a column, girder and beam system

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17
Q

Any beam supporting other beam is a

A

Girder

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18
Q

As in Wood Construction what is an inherent part of ordinary Construction

A

Void spaces

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19
Q

Some fire protection measures such as what were intended to prevent extension of fire from usable space to the void space, Also proves to be barriers to fire departmentā€™s efforts to reach fire once fire penetrates void space

A

embossed metal or tin ceilings

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20
Q

T or F: as a general rule there is no effective fire separation with in an ordinary construction building either from floor to floor or within floors

A

True

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21
Q

There is an inherent limit to the height of what type of buildings due to the necessity for increasing thickness of the wall as the height of the building increases

A

Masonry buildings

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22
Q

Reinforced masonry structures depend in great measure on

A

Integration with reinforced concrete

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23
Q

In recent years, high-rise brick or concrete block buildings and the medium rise brick buildings had was no thicker than

A

High-rise: 12 in
Medium rise: 8 in

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24
Q

Under todayā€™s standards, ordinary construction buildings are usually limited to no more than

A

6 stories

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25
Q

Bricks made of clay water and straw dried in the Sun

A

adobe

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26
Q

Stone cut and rectangular units

A

ashlar Masonry

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27
Q

Freestanding wall that is unsecured at the top; acts like a cantilever beam with respect to lateral load such as wind or a hose stream

A

Cantilever wall

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28
Q

These type of walls are very dependent on the roof for stability, if the roof is affected by fire these walls are likely to fall

A

Precast concrete walls

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29
Q

Hollow wall in which wythes are tied together with steel ties or masonry trusses

A

Cavity wall

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30
Q

Two different masonry materials, such as breaking concrete block, used in wall and designed to react thatā€™s one under load

A

Composite wall

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31
Q

Precast Hollow or solid structural block made of cement, water, and aggregates

A

Concrete masonry unit

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32
Q

Masonry cap on top of a wall

A

coping

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33
Q

Projecting decorative ledge at the top of a masonry wall

A

cornice

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34
Q

Horizontal line of Masonry

A

course

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35
Q

Any bracing was said at a right angle to the wall in question

A

Cross wall

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36
Q

Masonry Pier at a distance from the wall and connected to it; resist our thrust of roof and are used mostly in Gothic architecture

A

Flying buttress

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37
Q

Bricks laid so that the end is visible

A

Header or Bond course

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38
Q

2 wythes of masonry with an air space between; wythes tied together or bonded with masonry

A

Halo measuring wall

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39
Q

Often called the pier, buttress, or pilaster; maybe inside or outside the building

A

Masonry column

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40
Q

Masonry bracing incorporated into unstable masonry walls

A

Masonry column

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41
Q

Where visible, mommy they indicate where the wall is strongest, often where the concentrated loads are applied, and where not to attempt to breach the wall

A

Masonry column

42
Q

Process of covering a masonry wall with a thin coat of concrete

A

parging (pargetting)

43
Q

Random unhewn (naturally shaped) stones

A

Rubble Masonry

44
Q

A wall composed of an inner and outer wythe of of coursed Masonry

A

Rubble masonry wall

45
Q

These walls are unstable to lateral thrust; space between filled with random Masonry mixed with mortar

A

Rubble masonry wall

46
Q

Mansory units (either solid or Hollow) laid contiguously with the joints filled with mortar

A

solid masonry walls

47
Q

bricks laid so that long side is visible

A

stretch course

48
Q

made of clay and fine sand, fired in a kiln

A

terra cotta

49
Q

both structural and decorative and is used in ornamental facings

A

terra cotta

50
Q

structural terra cotta has been replaced to a large extent by

A

concrete block

51
Q

very vulnerable to earthquake collapse; ordinary masonry walls not reinforced and have no resistance to lateral movement

A

unreinforced masonry

52
Q

vertical section of wall, one brick or masonry unit thick

A

wythe

53
Q

preservation of older multiple-unit dwellings from the 1800s and some urban areas

A

-walls of bricks are retained
-entire core of the building including Floors is gutted
-wood joist floors replaced with lightweight steel joist
-some areas with lightweight wood trusses and lightweight wooden I beams

54
Q

When would courts order and owner to repair or demolish a property

A

Only in the presence of clear evidence of existing public Danger

55
Q

Many of the hazards of early fireproofing buildings can be found in what construction

A

Ordinary Construction; i.e. unsupported marble stairs

56
Q

In some codes, what was required over first floor wood floors for fire resistance or to provide a sanitary floor

A

Concrete topping

57
Q

This layer represents additional dead weight and may confuse firefighters as to the true nature of the floor; may also conceal heat below

A

Concrete topping

58
Q

It is a principle of most building codes that fire-resistive and non fire-resistive portions of a building should be what?

A

Adequately separated

59
Q

In recent Construction, a non combustible void can contain

A

Combustible wiring and thermal insulation

60
Q

The use of solid sawn wood joists an earlier buildings of ordinary construction has been replaced by the use of what

A

Wooden I beams and lightweight wood trusses

61
Q

The use wooden I beams and lightweight wood trusses in new ordinary Construction, not only presents the problem of fire spread in void spaces of these new buildings but also the possibility of

A

Larger accumulations of explosive carbon monoxide

62
Q

Buildings of ordinary construction often used large amount of what?

A

Wood flourishes

63
Q

The desire for wider spans and availability of construction cranes has led to the widespread use of what for roof framing

A

Unprotected Steel

64
Q

Problems presented to the fire department by ordinary construction can be divided into what areas

A

-masonry walls problems (include wall components)
-stability of interior column, girder, beam system (include connections)
-masonry wall as barrier to fire extension
-void spaces (include utility chases)

65
Q

An exterior collapse will usually cause what in the interior?

A

Interior collapse

66
Q

The elongation of Steel beams or an interior collapse may cause what to the walls?

A

To come down

67
Q

Indications of building failure

A

-smoke or water flowing through walls
-soft floors
-small partial collapse
-walls out of plumb
-time since arrival on scene

68
Q

Hollow or cavity walls limit what?

A

Penetration by rain

69
Q

What is considered acceptable in Hollow walls and have various ignition characteristics

A

sheet Or foamed in place plastic insulation

70
Q

Burning plastic produces large quantities of smoke; if the source of smoke cannot be found you should check what?

A

Check for plastic insulation in the walls

71
Q

Both composite wall elements must do what under a load?

A

React together

72
Q

Composite wall, once Incorporated hollow tile and now uses what?

A

Concrete block

73
Q

What was developed that was embedded into the mortar in specified courses which resulted with header course no longer necessary and the appearance of a masonry bearing wall may be no different than that of a veneer wall of all stretchers?

A

Masonry wire Truss

74
Q

T or F: not all brick and block walls are composite

A

True

75
Q

Brick maybe veneered onto concrete block or cast concrete using the same ties that are used in what construction?

A

Brick veneer on Wood Construction

76
Q

Development of what used cast iron columns and wrought or cast iron arches or lintels at the street floor-level carrying masonry above the first floor

A

Cast iron front buildings

77
Q

In cast-iron front buildings, the small area a masonry wall available for Windows led to the acceptance or walls made of what?

A

Prefabricated cast iron sections

78
Q

Overtime cast iron front May separate from masonry sidewalls, some walls are tacked on to the masonry with what?

A

Steel straps

79
Q

Interior cast iron columns May do what in a fire?

A

Transmit fire vertically

80
Q

2 ways to carry the weight of the wall above an opening

A

Arches and beams

81
Q

A beam that carries the weight of the wall above an opening is called

A

Lintel

82
Q

The lintel commonly used today is

A

Steel ā€œLā€ or Channel section

83
Q

Common practice to carry brickwork across lintel

A

Horizontally

84
Q

Stihl lentils are tied tightly into masonry walls and when heated they can do what?

A

Elongate & Masonry can fail

85
Q

Created by applying a thin coat of concrete over blocks of cast foamed plastic (i.e. Exteriors of many of buildings at Universal Studios)

A

Imitation Masonry

86
Q

Made by spreading a code of gray concrete on left and then a red coat; can also be made by cementing thin slices a break onto panels of gypsum board and then mounted on a steel frame and join together to give appearance of a brick wall

A

Imitation brick

87
Q

Most fire service references direct that a collapse on should be set up at

A

One and a half times the height of the structure

88
Q

Collapse may be due to a variety of causes such as:

A

-structural instability
-failure of non masonry supporting elements
-increased live load
-collapse with consequent impact load
-explosion (impact load)
Collapse of Masonry due to overheating
-collapse of another building

89
Q

Poorly made braids can deteriorate readily which can be caused by what

A

Bricks absorb moisture and can fail due to freezing

90
Q

Mortar that reacts chemically May expand forcing what?

A

Masonry out of alignment

91
Q

These project above the roof line and are particularly subject to whether the duration

A

Parapet walls

92
Q

The use of sand lime mortar creates potential failure Hazard because why

A

It is water soluble

93
Q

Firefighters directing streams onto a wall with what can cause the wall to fail and collapse

A

Sand lime mortar

94
Q

You should suspect any building built in the last century or early in this Century of containing this type of mortar

A

Sand lime mortar

95
Q

If a wall is torn down, by looking at the Bricks how can you tell that sand lime mortar was used

A

If they are clean with little mortar clinging

96
Q

You should look closely at masonry buildings, check the basement and the attic where the walls are exposed and determine whether the wall over the openings for doors and windows is carried on masonry arches or on wood. If it is carried on what you should expect early failure?

A

On wood

97
Q

Cracks, even if patched, indicate weakness in the wall that may be due to what?

A

Inadequate foundations

98
Q

A horizontal crack may indicate that the wall is what?

A

Being pushed out by steel roof beams that are elongating in summer heat

99
Q

When Steel roof beams are elongated during summer heat and then contract in the winter what may happen to the wall?

A

May be left out of plumb and beams may have little bearing

100
Q

A brick or stone may fall out of an arch and if any Arch unit (voussoir) is out there is no Arch. The window or door frame then becomes what and any added or shifting weight will cause the masonry to collapse?

A

Becomes an undesigned structural post and beam

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