Brannigans Building Construction CH.10 Ordinary Construction

Question 1

Until recently the chief common characteristic of ordinary construction was exterior walls made of

Answer 1

Masonry; (IBC allow you to fire retardant treated wood exterior walls)

Question 2

A structure cannot be built unless the outer walls were constructed of masonry to limit fire extension

Answer 2

Fire limit

Question 3

What type of buildings were banned Inside the Fire limits

Answer 3

wood frame buildings

Question 4

Building with brick load-bearing walls and wood joists

Answer 4

Ordinary Construction

Question 5

Ordinary construction is classified as

Answer 5

Type 3 Construction

Question 6

Masonry walls in ordinary construction May consist of

Answer 6

Brick
Stone
Concrete block
Terracotta tile
adobe
Precast
Cast in place concrete

Question 7

Today load-bearing wall assemblies sometimes use open cell polystyrene panels in which what is inserted to the cells for structural strength

Answer 7

Rebar and concrete

Question 8

Building construction that consists of Masonry bearing walls with wood joist used as simple beams spanning from wall to wall

Answer 8

Traditional (Legacy) ordinary Construction

Question 9

The joist of ordinary construction buildings are usually parallel to

Answer 9

Street Frontage of building (or smallest building dimension)

Question 10

In ordinary construction buildings they typically have a flat roof with a what separating the top floor ceiling from the roof

Answer 10

Cockloft (void space)

Question 11

Large concealed space in which fire spread under roof of the entire structure

Answer 11

Cockloft

Question 12

What are sometimes seen in the side walls and are a hint that a cockloft exists behind them

Answer 12

Ventilator for cockloft

Question 13

Multiple dwellings of traditional ordinary Construction have what between the top floor ceiling and roof deck

Answer 13

Cockloft vents

Question 14

In typical downtown business or commercial building which was are bearing walls and non bearing

Answer 14

Side walls are bearing walls
Front and back walls are non-bearing

Question 15

Simple Wood beam floor is satisfactory for buildings up to a practical limit of about

Answer 15

25 ft in width

Question 16

For wider buildings (more than 25 ft) or one with an irregular floor plan, what must be provided in the interior

Answer 16

Interior masonry walls or a column, girder and beam system

Question 17

Any beam supporting other beam is a

Answer 17

Girder

Question 18

As in Wood Construction what is an inherent part of ordinary Construction

Answer 18

Void spaces

Question 19

Some fire protection measures such as what were intended to prevent extension of fire from usable space to the void space, Also proves to be barriers to fire department’s efforts to reach fire once fire penetrates void space

Answer 19

embossed metal or tin ceilings

Question 20

T or F: as a general rule there is no effective fire separation with in an ordinary construction building either from floor to floor or within floors

Answer 20

True

Question 21

There is an inherent limit to the height of what type of buildings due to the necessity for increasing thickness of the wall as the height of the building increases

Answer 21

Masonry buildings

Question 22

Reinforced masonry structures depend in great measure on

Answer 22

Integration with reinforced concrete

Question 23

In recent years, high-rise brick or concrete block buildings and the medium rise brick buildings had was no thicker than

Answer 23

High-rise: 12 in
Medium rise: 8 in

Question 24

Under today’s standards, ordinary construction buildings are usually limited to no more than

Answer 24

6 stories

Question 25

Bricks made of clay water and straw dried in the Sun

Answer 25

adobe

Question 26

Stone cut and rectangular units

Answer 26

ashlar Masonry

Question 27

Freestanding wall that is unsecured at the top; acts like a cantilever beam with respect to lateral load such as wind or a hose stream

Answer 27

Cantilever wall

Question 28

These type of walls are very dependent on the roof for stability, if the roof is affected by fire these walls are likely to fall

Answer 28

Precast concrete walls

Question 29

Hollow wall in which wythes are tied together with steel ties or masonry trusses

Answer 29

Cavity wall

Question 30

Two different masonry materials, such as breaking concrete block, used in wall and designed to react that's one under load

Answer 30

Composite wall

Question 31

Precast Hollow or solid structural block made of cement, water, and aggregates

Answer 31

Concrete masonry unit

Question 32

Masonry cap on top of a wall

Answer 32

coping

Question 33

Projecting decorative ledge at the top of a masonry wall

Answer 33

cornice

Question 34

Horizontal line of Masonry

Answer 34

course

Question 35

Any bracing was said at a right angle to the wall in question

Answer 35

Cross wall

Question 36

Masonry Pier at a distance from the wall and connected to it; resist our thrust of roof and are used mostly in Gothic architecture

Answer 36

Flying buttress

Question 37

Bricks laid so that the end is visible

Answer 37

Header or Bond course

Question 38

2 wythes of masonry with an air space between; wythes tied together or bonded with masonry

Answer 38

Halo measuring wall

Question 39

Often called the pier, buttress, or pilaster; maybe inside or outside the building

Answer 39

Masonry column

Question 40

Masonry bracing incorporated into unstable masonry walls

Answer 40

Masonry column

Question 41

Where visible, mommy they indicate where the wall is strongest, often where the concentrated loads are applied, and where not to attempt to breach the wall

Answer 41

Masonry column

Question 42

Process of covering a masonry wall with a thin coat of concrete

Answer 42

parging (pargetting)

Question 43

Random unhewn (naturally shaped) stones

Answer 43

Rubble Masonry

Question 44

A wall composed of an inner and outer wythe of of coursed Masonry

Answer 44

Rubble masonry wall

Question 45

These walls are unstable to lateral thrust; space between filled with random Masonry mixed with mortar

Answer 45

Rubble masonry wall

Question 46

Mansory units (either solid or Hollow) laid contiguously with the joints filled with mortar

Answer 46

solid masonry walls

Question 47

bricks laid so that long side is visible

Answer 47

stretch course

Question 48

made of clay and fine sand, fired in a kiln

Answer 48

terra cotta

Question 49

both structural and decorative and is used in ornamental facings

Answer 49

terra cotta

Question 50

structural terra cotta has been replaced to a large extent by

Answer 50

concrete block

Question 51

very vulnerable to earthquake collapse; ordinary masonry walls not reinforced and have no resistance to lateral movement

Answer 51

unreinforced masonry

Question 52

vertical section of wall, one brick or masonry unit thick

Answer 52

wythe

Question 53

preservation of older multiple-unit dwellings from the 1800s and some urban areas

Answer 53

-walls of bricks are retained -entire core of the building including Floors is gutted -wood joist floors replaced with lightweight steel joist -some areas with lightweight wood trusses and lightweight wooden I beams

Question 54

When would courts order and owner to repair or demolish a property

Answer 54

Only in the presence of clear evidence of existing public Danger

Question 55

Many of the hazards of early fireproofing buildings can be found in what construction

Answer 55

Ordinary Construction; i.e. unsupported marble stairs

Question 56

In some codes, what was required over first floor wood floors for fire resistance or to provide a sanitary floor

Answer 56

Concrete topping

Question 57

This layer represents additional dead weight and may confuse firefighters as to the true nature of the floor; may also conceal heat below

Answer 57

Concrete topping

Question 58

It is a principle of most building codes that fire-resistive and non fire-resistive portions of a building should be what?

Answer 58

Adequately separated

Question 59

In recent Construction, a non combustible void can contain

Answer 59

Combustible wiring and thermal insulation

Question 60

The use of solid sawn wood joists an earlier buildings of ordinary construction has been replaced by the use of what

Answer 60

Wooden I beams and lightweight wood trusses

Question 61

The use wooden I beams and lightweight wood trusses in new ordinary Construction, not only presents the problem of fire spread in void spaces of these new buildings but also the possibility of

Answer 61

Larger accumulations of explosive carbon monoxide

Question 62

Buildings of ordinary construction often used large amount of what?

Answer 62

Wood flourishes

Question 63

The desire for wider spans and availability of construction cranes has led to the widespread use of what for roof framing

Answer 63

Unprotected Steel

Question 64

Problems presented to the fire department by ordinary construction can be divided into what areas

Answer 64

-masonry walls problems (include wall components) -stability of interior column, girder, beam system (include connections) -masonry wall as barrier to fire extension -void spaces (include utility chases)

Question 65

An exterior collapse will usually cause what in the interior?

Answer 65

Interior collapse

Question 66

The elongation of Steel beams or an interior collapse may cause what to the walls?

Answer 66

To come down

Question 67

Indications of building failure

Answer 67

-smoke or water flowing through walls -soft floors -small partial collapse -walls out of plumb -time since arrival on scene

Question 68

Hollow or cavity walls limit what?

Answer 68

Penetration by rain

Question 69

What is considered acceptable in Hollow walls and have various ignition characteristics

Answer 69

sheet Or foamed in place plastic insulation

Question 70

Burning plastic produces large quantities of smoke; if the source of smoke cannot be found you should check what?

Answer 70

Check for plastic insulation in the walls

Question 71

Both composite wall elements must do what under a load?

Answer 71

React together

Question 72

Composite wall, once Incorporated hollow tile and now uses what?

Answer 72

Concrete block

Question 73

What was developed that was embedded into the mortar in specified courses which resulted with header course no longer necessary and the appearance of a masonry bearing wall may be no different than that of a veneer wall of all stretchers?

Answer 73

Masonry wire Truss

Question 74

T or F: not all brick and block walls are composite

Answer 74

True

Question 75

Brick maybe veneered onto concrete block or cast concrete using the same ties that are used in what construction?

Answer 75

Brick veneer on Wood Construction

Question 76

Development of what used cast iron columns and wrought or cast iron arches or lintels at the street floor-level carrying masonry above the first floor

Answer 76

Cast iron front buildings

Question 77

In cast-iron front buildings, the small area a masonry wall available for Windows led to the acceptance or walls made of what?

Answer 77

Prefabricated cast iron sections

Question 78

Overtime cast iron front May separate from masonry sidewalls, some walls are tacked on to the masonry with what?

Answer 78

Steel straps

Question 79

Interior cast iron columns May do what in a fire?

Answer 79

Transmit fire vertically

Question 80

2 ways to carry the weight of the wall above an opening

Answer 80

Arches and beams

Question 81

A beam that carries the weight of the wall above an opening is called

Answer 81

Lintel

Question 82

The lintel commonly used today is

Answer 82

Steel "L" or Channel section

Question 83

Common practice to carry brickwork across lintel

Answer 83

Horizontally

Question 84

Stihl lentils are tied tightly into masonry walls and when heated they can do what?

Answer 84

Elongate & Masonry can fail

Question 85

Created by applying a thin coat of concrete over blocks of cast foamed plastic (i.e. Exteriors of many of buildings at Universal Studios)

Answer 85

Imitation Masonry

Question 86

Made by spreading a code of gray concrete on left and then a red coat; can also be made by cementing thin slices a break onto panels of gypsum board and then mounted on a steel frame and join together to give appearance of a brick wall

Answer 86

Imitation brick

Question 87

Most fire service references direct that a collapse on should be set up at

Answer 87

One and a half times the height of the structure

Question 88

Collapse may be due to a variety of causes such as:

Answer 88

-structural instability -failure of non masonry supporting elements -increased live load -collapse with consequent impact load -explosion (impact load) Collapse of Masonry due to overheating -collapse of another building

Question 89

Poorly made braids can deteriorate readily which can be caused by what

Answer 89

Bricks absorb moisture and can fail due to freezing

Question 90

Mortar that reacts chemically May expand forcing what?

Answer 90

Masonry out of alignment

Question 91

These project above the roof line and are particularly subject to whether the duration

Answer 91

Parapet walls

Question 92

The use of sand lime mortar creates potential failure Hazard because why

Answer 92

It is water soluble

Question 93

Firefighters directing streams onto a wall with what can cause the wall to fail and collapse

Answer 93

Sand lime mortar

Question 94

You should suspect any building built in the last century or early in this Century of containing this type of mortar

Answer 94

Sand lime mortar

Question 95

If a wall is torn down, by looking at the Bricks how can you tell that sand lime mortar was used

Answer 95

If they are clean with little mortar clinging

Question 96

You should look closely at masonry buildings, check the basement and the attic where the walls are exposed and determine whether the wall over the openings for doors and windows is carried on masonry arches or on wood. If it is carried on what you should expect early failure?

Answer 96

On wood

Question 97

Cracks, even if patched, indicate weakness in the wall that may be due to what?

Answer 97

Inadequate foundations

Question 98

A horizontal crack may indicate that the wall is what?

Answer 98

Being pushed out by steel roof beams that are elongating in summer heat

Question 99

When Steel roof beams are elongated during summer heat and then contract in the winter what may happen to the wall?

Answer 99

May be left out of plumb and beams may have little bearing

Question 100

A brick or stone may fall out of an arch and if any Arch unit (voussoir) is out there is no Arch. The window or door frame then becomes what and any added or shifting weight will cause the masonry to collapse?

Answer 100

Becomes an undesigned structural post and beam