Brannigans Building Construction CH.10 Ordinary Construction Flashcards
Until recently the chief common characteristic of ordinary construction was exterior walls made of
Masonry; (IBC allow you to fire retardant treated wood exterior walls)
A structure cannot be built unless the outer walls were constructed of masonry to limit fire extension
Fire limit
What type of buildings were banned Inside the Fire limits
wood frame buildings
Building with brick load-bearing walls and wood joists
Ordinary Construction
Ordinary construction is classified as
Type 3 Construction
Masonry walls in ordinary construction May consist of
Brick
Stone
Concrete block
Terracotta tile
adobe
Precast
Cast in place concrete
Today load-bearing wall assemblies sometimes use open cell polystyrene panels in which what is inserted to the cells for structural strength
Rebar and concrete
Building construction that consists of Masonry bearing walls with wood joist used as simple beams spanning from wall to wall
Traditional (Legacy) ordinary Construction
The joist of ordinary construction buildings are usually parallel to
Street Frontage of building (or smallest building dimension)
In ordinary construction buildings they typically have a flat roof with a what separating the top floor ceiling from the roof
Cockloft (void space)
Large concealed space in which fire spread under roof of the entire structure
Cockloft
What are sometimes seen in the side walls and are a hint that a cockloft exists behind them
Ventilator for cockloft
Multiple dwellings of traditional ordinary Construction have what between the top floor ceiling and roof deck
Cockloft vents
In typical downtown business or commercial building which was are bearing walls and non bearing
Side walls are bearing walls
Front and back walls are non-bearing
Simple Wood beam floor is satisfactory for buildings up to a practical limit of about
25 ft in width
For wider buildings (more than 25 ft) or one with an irregular floor plan, what must be provided in the interior
Interior masonry walls or a column, girder and beam system
Any beam supporting other beam is a
Girder
As in Wood Construction what is an inherent part of ordinary Construction
Void spaces
Some fire protection measures such as what were intended to prevent extension of fire from usable space to the void space, Also proves to be barriers to fire departmentās efforts to reach fire once fire penetrates void space
embossed metal or tin ceilings
T or F: as a general rule there is no effective fire separation with in an ordinary construction building either from floor to floor or within floors
True
There is an inherent limit to the height of what type of buildings due to the necessity for increasing thickness of the wall as the height of the building increases
Masonry buildings
Reinforced masonry structures depend in great measure on
Integration with reinforced concrete
In recent years, high-rise brick or concrete block buildings and the medium rise brick buildings had was no thicker than
High-rise: 12 in
Medium rise: 8 in
Under todayās standards, ordinary construction buildings are usually limited to no more than
6 stories
Bricks made of clay water and straw dried in the Sun
adobe
Stone cut and rectangular units
ashlar Masonry
Freestanding wall that is unsecured at the top; acts like a cantilever beam with respect to lateral load such as wind or a hose stream
Cantilever wall
These type of walls are very dependent on the roof for stability, if the roof is affected by fire these walls are likely to fall
Precast concrete walls
Hollow wall in which wythes are tied together with steel ties or masonry trusses
Cavity wall
Two different masonry materials, such as breaking concrete block, used in wall and designed to react thatās one under load
Composite wall
Precast Hollow or solid structural block made of cement, water, and aggregates
Concrete masonry unit
Masonry cap on top of a wall
coping
Projecting decorative ledge at the top of a masonry wall
cornice
Horizontal line of Masonry
course
Any bracing was said at a right angle to the wall in question
Cross wall
Masonry Pier at a distance from the wall and connected to it; resist our thrust of roof and are used mostly in Gothic architecture
Flying buttress
Bricks laid so that the end is visible
Header or Bond course
2 wythes of masonry with an air space between; wythes tied together or bonded with masonry
Halo measuring wall
Often called the pier, buttress, or pilaster; maybe inside or outside the building
Masonry column
Masonry bracing incorporated into unstable masonry walls
Masonry column
Where visible, mommy they indicate where the wall is strongest, often where the concentrated loads are applied, and where not to attempt to breach the wall
Masonry column
Process of covering a masonry wall with a thin coat of concrete
parging (pargetting)
Random unhewn (naturally shaped) stones
Rubble Masonry
A wall composed of an inner and outer wythe of of coursed Masonry
Rubble masonry wall
These walls are unstable to lateral thrust; space between filled with random Masonry mixed with mortar
Rubble masonry wall
Mansory units (either solid or Hollow) laid contiguously with the joints filled with mortar
solid masonry walls
bricks laid so that long side is visible
stretch course
made of clay and fine sand, fired in a kiln
terra cotta
both structural and decorative and is used in ornamental facings
terra cotta
structural terra cotta has been replaced to a large extent by
concrete block
very vulnerable to earthquake collapse; ordinary masonry walls not reinforced and have no resistance to lateral movement
unreinforced masonry
vertical section of wall, one brick or masonry unit thick
wythe
preservation of older multiple-unit dwellings from the 1800s and some urban areas
-walls of bricks are retained
-entire core of the building including Floors is gutted
-wood joist floors replaced with lightweight steel joist
-some areas with lightweight wood trusses and lightweight wooden I beams
When would courts order and owner to repair or demolish a property
Only in the presence of clear evidence of existing public Danger
Many of the hazards of early fireproofing buildings can be found in what construction
Ordinary Construction; i.e. unsupported marble stairs
In some codes, what was required over first floor wood floors for fire resistance or to provide a sanitary floor
Concrete topping
This layer represents additional dead weight and may confuse firefighters as to the true nature of the floor; may also conceal heat below
Concrete topping
It is a principle of most building codes that fire-resistive and non fire-resistive portions of a building should be what?
Adequately separated
In recent Construction, a non combustible void can contain
Combustible wiring and thermal insulation
The use of solid sawn wood joists an earlier buildings of ordinary construction has been replaced by the use of what
Wooden I beams and lightweight wood trusses
The use wooden I beams and lightweight wood trusses in new ordinary Construction, not only presents the problem of fire spread in void spaces of these new buildings but also the possibility of
Larger accumulations of explosive carbon monoxide
Buildings of ordinary construction often used large amount of what?
Wood flourishes
The desire for wider spans and availability of construction cranes has led to the widespread use of what for roof framing
Unprotected Steel
Problems presented to the fire department by ordinary construction can be divided into what areas
-masonry walls problems (include wall components)
-stability of interior column, girder, beam system (include connections)
-masonry wall as barrier to fire extension
-void spaces (include utility chases)
An exterior collapse will usually cause what in the interior?
Interior collapse
The elongation of Steel beams or an interior collapse may cause what to the walls?
To come down
Indications of building failure
-smoke or water flowing through walls
-soft floors
-small partial collapse
-walls out of plumb
-time since arrival on scene
Hollow or cavity walls limit what?
Penetration by rain
What is considered acceptable in Hollow walls and have various ignition characteristics
sheet Or foamed in place plastic insulation
Burning plastic produces large quantities of smoke; if the source of smoke cannot be found you should check what?
Check for plastic insulation in the walls
Both composite wall elements must do what under a load?
React together
Composite wall, once Incorporated hollow tile and now uses what?
Concrete block
What was developed that was embedded into the mortar in specified courses which resulted with header course no longer necessary and the appearance of a masonry bearing wall may be no different than that of a veneer wall of all stretchers?
Masonry wire Truss
T or F: not all brick and block walls are composite
True
Brick maybe veneered onto concrete block or cast concrete using the same ties that are used in what construction?
Brick veneer on Wood Construction
Development of what used cast iron columns and wrought or cast iron arches or lintels at the street floor-level carrying masonry above the first floor
Cast iron front buildings
In cast-iron front buildings, the small area a masonry wall available for Windows led to the acceptance or walls made of what?
Prefabricated cast iron sections
Overtime cast iron front May separate from masonry sidewalls, some walls are tacked on to the masonry with what?
Steel straps
Interior cast iron columns May do what in a fire?
Transmit fire vertically
2 ways to carry the weight of the wall above an opening
Arches and beams
A beam that carries the weight of the wall above an opening is called
Lintel
The lintel commonly used today is
Steel āLā or Channel section
Common practice to carry brickwork across lintel
Horizontally
Stihl lentils are tied tightly into masonry walls and when heated they can do what?
Elongate & Masonry can fail
Created by applying a thin coat of concrete over blocks of cast foamed plastic (i.e. Exteriors of many of buildings at Universal Studios)
Imitation Masonry
Made by spreading a code of gray concrete on left and then a red coat; can also be made by cementing thin slices a break onto panels of gypsum board and then mounted on a steel frame and join together to give appearance of a brick wall
Imitation brick
Most fire service references direct that a collapse on should be set up at
One and a half times the height of the structure
Collapse may be due to a variety of causes such as:
-structural instability
-failure of non masonry supporting elements
-increased live load
-collapse with consequent impact load
-explosion (impact load)
Collapse of Masonry due to overheating
-collapse of another building
Poorly made braids can deteriorate readily which can be caused by what
Bricks absorb moisture and can fail due to freezing
Mortar that reacts chemically May expand forcing what?
Masonry out of alignment
These project above the roof line and are particularly subject to whether the duration
Parapet walls
The use of sand lime mortar creates potential failure Hazard because why
It is water soluble
Firefighters directing streams onto a wall with what can cause the wall to fail and collapse
Sand lime mortar
You should suspect any building built in the last century or early in this Century of containing this type of mortar
Sand lime mortar
If a wall is torn down, by looking at the Bricks how can you tell that sand lime mortar was used
If they are clean with little mortar clinging
You should look closely at masonry buildings, check the basement and the attic where the walls are exposed and determine whether the wall over the openings for doors and windows is carried on masonry arches or on wood. If it is carried on what you should expect early failure?
On wood
Cracks, even if patched, indicate weakness in the wall that may be due to what?
Inadequate foundations
A horizontal crack may indicate that the wall is what?
Being pushed out by steel roof beams that are elongating in summer heat
When Steel roof beams are elongated during summer heat and then contract in the winter what may happen to the wall?
May be left out of plumb and beams may have little bearing
A brick or stone may fall out of an arch and if any Arch unit (voussoir) is out there is no Arch. The window or door frame then becomes what and any added or shifting weight will cause the masonry to collapse?
Becomes an undesigned structural post and beam
