Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CGFD > Brannigans Building Construction CH.6 Features of Fire Protection (PT.1) > Flashcards

Brannigans Building Construction CH.6 Features of Fire Protection (PT.1) Flashcards

1
Q

emergence of building codes in the early 1900’s further advanced elimination of

A

conflagrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

limiting fire spread from building to building is accomplished through

A

-restrictions on area/height of building
-limits on combustibility of roofs and exterior wall surfaces
-min. separation distances b/w buildings
-limits on openings in exterior walls (doors & windows)
-fire resistive exterior walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

preventing a fire from spreading through a structure is achieved by

A

-use of fire rated floors
-protection of vertical openings (stairs & elevator shafts)
-compartmentation in form of fire walls & fire partitions
-fire resistive construction (rated columns & beams to prevent collapse and spread of fire)
-use of fire protection systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

primary concern of building occupants in fire protection

A

life safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the most important elements of life safety are proper

A

means of egress (exits) and protection against hazards (based on occupancy and capability of self preservation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

safety of who has become an explicitly stated goal in building and fire odes

A

firefighter safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

firefighter safety has been regulated by building codes requiring placement of what on exterior of buildings adjacent to elevator and other shafts

A

shaft way signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

noncombustible buildings can contain significant combustible components including

A

cornices
wooden interior balconies
sheathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a quality ascribed to a wall, floor, column assembly that has been tested in a standard manner to determine the length of time for which it remains structurally stable (or resist the passage of fire) when attacked by a standard fire

A

fire resistance rating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

resistance of structural member to collapse by fire b/c of the nature of tis material or assembly

A

inherent fire resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the inherent fire resistance of a structure has never been formally what

A

rated or required by law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

structures that are protected w/ gypsum board and wood assemblies that have passed standard fire resistance test

A

combustible structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in 1890, first fire test of fire proof assembly in US was conducted for Denver Equitable Building Company; hollow tile floors were tested and it revealed that porous hollow tiles set in end construction (tile cells at right angles to beams) were superior to

A

dense tiles set in side construction (tiles cells parallel to beams)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the effort to develop standards for fire resistance brought together

A

-National Bureau of Standards (NBS; today known as National Institute of Standards & Technology [NIST])
-Underwriters Lab. (UL)
-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
-both capital stock and mutual insurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

time temp. curve in NFPA 251 still the same today as it was in

A

1918

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

despite general consensus that test of 1928 is outdated it continues to be used to assess fire resistance of every

A

column, beam, floor, roof, and wall in test labs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

materials and assemblies may be classified based on their what

A

fire resistance; or more accurately on fire endurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 standards that are from separate organizations but similar in content and structure about materials and assemblies

A

-NFPA 251: standard methods of test of fire resistance of building construction and materials (2006)
-UL 263: standard for fire test of building construction and materials
-ASTM E-119: standard test of methods of fire test of building construction and materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

fire resistance of columns is concerned with

A

resisting collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

fire resistance of floors is concerned with

A

resistance of passage of fire and collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

fire resistance of walls is concerned with

A

passage of fire and collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

fire resistance of fire doors is concerned with

A

passage of fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

fire resistance is not specifically directed at ensuring

A

life safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

fire resistance can be considered a feature to

A

life safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

fire resistance is not specifically intended to provide

A

smoke control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

fire resistance is not concerned with loss to what

A

dollar loss due to fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

provision of test standards UL 263, ASTM E-119, & NFPA 251 require what things with its objective of these provisions being uniformity of testing

A

-reproducible fire test
-consistent method for conducting test and classifying results
-specific instruction on selection & preparation of test specimen
(do not represent actual fires)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the reproducible fire used in fire resistance testing follows a what that has remained essentially unchanged for more than 100 years

A

standard time temperature curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

min. size test specimens for fire resistance testing of columns, beams, girders, partitions walls, floors and roofs

A

columns: 9ft
beams & girders: 12 ft
partition walls: 100 ft^2
floors & roofs: 180 ft^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

during a fire resistance test, load bearing structural elements are loaded w/ prescribed wt for the assembly and then unit passes if

A

successfully resist superimposed load and in case of partitions, walls, floors and roofs resist passage of fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

when columns are fire tested they have what peened into them?

A

thermocouples peened into them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

when columns are fire tested the average temp or any temp of thermocouples that exceed what cause test to terminate and specimen fails

A

average temp: 1100F
temp of thermocouples: 1300F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when a floor or wall structure is tested for fire resistance it must not develop what or permit an average temp rise of unexposed surface of what

A

must not develop conditions that would ignite cotton waste on surface
or
permit average temp rise of 250*F on unexposed surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

assemblies that are test for fire resistance, if they pass they are rated in units of what

A

hours (1,2,3) depending how long test unit survived fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

rated units after passing fire resistance test are listed in references such as

A

UL Fire Resistance Directory (published annually)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

once fire resistance testing is completed and assembly or material is rated and listed (not the same as approved) who can approve use of specific material or assembly

A

local authorities such as building department may approve use (permit use as being acceptable to local jurisdiction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

a listed assembly meets what for test; therefore all components assembled as specified in the listing are required to meet the specific listing

A

meet minimum requirements to pass test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

after passing a fire resistance test, a listed assembly is what?

A

minimum quality structure capable of passing test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

achieved from the listing of the entire assembly, not the individual components within the assembly

A

fire rating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

a 2 hour fire resistance rating does not mean what

A

building will be relatively undamaged for 1 hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what does a fire resistance rating mean in terms of structure survival of fire

A

if building react to fire in same manner as specimens did for that particular type of construction in test
and if actual fire load (fire impact) does not exceed the fire test load
and if duration of fire does not exceed time specified for component involved
then structure should survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

time ratings given to fie resistive assemblies do not relate to real time in an actual fire rather the ratings provide a relative measure of

A

comparison, comparing 1 assembly duration of endurance to another assembly duration
(i.e. 2 hour fire rated assembly simply has greater fire endurance than a 1 hour fire rated assembly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

fire resistance rated assemblies does not necessarily men

A

noncombustibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

many fire rated assemblies that are listed include combustible components typically

A

wood beams or studs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

the fallacy of arguing that fire resistance rated assemblies represents a complete safe working platform lies in the fact that the test standard was originally developed for

A

noncombustible floors assaulted by fire only from below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

a major deficiency in fire testing for resistance is that the standard does not recognize the fact that nearly all such assemblies have what

A

wirings running within them
(i.e. electrical wiring inside truss of 1 hour fire rated floor/ rating does not exist if fire starts within assembly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what of a lightweight wood truss is irrelevant when the fire starts inside the truss because of an electrical failure or other cause

A

fire resistance rating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

concerned with length of time a particular building assembly will continue to perform its structural and/or barrier function in the face of an assault by standard fire rest

A

fire resistance ratings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

concerned with rate at which fire spreads over the surface of am material, the smoke it develops and the fuel it contributes to a fire

A

flame spread ratings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

one of the most important factors in fire spread within buildings is what

A

interior finishes on wall and ceilings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

first attempts to deal with flame spread by codes failed due to what

A

inexact, legally unenforceable language such as “flame spread no greater than wallpaper”
-test are costly, time consuming and must be consistent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the basis for regulation of fire spread is found in what as is commonly referred to as the Steiner tunnel test

A

NFPA 255; standard method of test of surface burning characteristics of building materials
also known as
ASTM E-84 & UL 723

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

the 2 comparison points in evaluating test results of flame spread are flame spread over

A

inorganic reinforced cement board set at 0
red oak set at 100

54
Q

flame spread test have shown that fire can reach end of red oak test panel in how many minutes

A

10 minutes

55
Q

formula by which the flame spread index is calculated can be found in

A

NFPA 255

56
Q

flame spread of surface materials is classified as

A
  • class A: 0-25
  • class B: 26-75
  • class C: 76-200
57
Q

most building and fire codes have requirements for ceiling and wall surfaces based on

A

tunnel test standard (flame spread)

58
Q

a typical requirement might be for what Class rating for exit stairwells in hospitals

A

class A flame spread rating

59
Q

sometimes higher flame spreads are permitted for

A

sprinklered buildings

60
Q

model building codes allow for reduction in the class level when sprinkler protection is available but in no case can the rating be less than what

A

Class C (i.e. A -> B, B -> C, C)

61
Q

when tunnel test is run at UL, was is also measured and indexed ?

A

smoke developed

62
Q

calculated by measuring the obstruction as smoke passes a photoelectric cell placed in the stack from the test tunnel

A

smoke developed

63
Q

materials with smoke developed ratings of 300 or more can be expected to generate

A

substantial amount of smoke

64
Q

only what is measured in this aspect of smoke tunnel test not any other effects of smoke or gases such as toxicity or irritation

A

only light obstruction

65
Q

widely accepted as a flame spread testing standard

A

Steiner tunnel test

66
Q

ASTM E-108 (UL 790); Standard Test for Fire Test Roof Coverings is a test to assess what things

A
  • resistance of roof to external fire
  • fire spread of roofing surface itself
  • propensity of roofing to generate more burning brands
67
Q

Clay tile, copper sheets, and other similar noncombustible materials are not tested for fire test of roof coverings and are considered what class

A

class A materials

68
Q

certain materials such as rubber, recycled plastic and aluminum are tested as what for fire tests of roof coverings?

A

tested as part of an entire assembly, including underlayment

69
Q

this type of test place roofing sample on inclined platform similar to peaked roof, then assembly is subjected to flying brand test, intermittent flame exposure test, and spread of flame spread; all using a gas burner

A

fire test for roof coverings (ASTM E-108/ UL 790); roofing material test

70
Q

fire test for roof coverings provide 3 ratings for the test samples based on

A

spread of fire on the roofing surface

71
Q

fire test of roofing materials 3 ratings for test samples

A

-Class A: severe fire exposure
-Class B: moderate fire exposure
-Class C: light fire exposure

72
Q

set specific minimum roof covering ratings depending upon the type of building construction (type 1-5)

A

IBC & NFPA 5000: Building Construction & Safety Code

73
Q

the NBS developed ASTM E-162 that test what

A

Radiant Panel Flame Spread Test (ASTM E-162)
samples for these test measure only 6 by 18in

74
Q

what type of test was developed by FM Approvals to simulate an actual fire in the corner of a room, given the fac that ASTM E84 tunnel test did not accurately assess the flame spread of foamed plastics on walls

A

corner test

75
Q

FM Approval Standard 4880 =

A

Class 1 Fire Rating of Building Panels or Interior Finish Materials

76
Q

commercial carpeting presently being manufactures is required to meet a test that measures ignitability of carpeting from a small source such as dropped match or cigarette ; it is a screening test called what

A

the pill test; 7/8 samples must pass

77
Q

NFPA 253, standard method of test for critical radiant flux of floor coverings systems using a radiant heat energy source (Critical Radiant Flux test also known as ASTM E648) is used to rate

A

carpeting for its ability to spread flame when attacked with a greater ignition source that a cigarette

78
Q

test for wall finish

A

ASTM E84 & NFPA 265

79
Q

Critical Radiant Flux test (NFPA 253) measures a materials ability to

A

resist flame spread

80
Q

the results from the Critical Radiant Flux test =

A

critical radiant flux (CRF)

81
Q

amount if external radiant heat energy (measured in watts per square centimeter) below which a flame front will cease to propagate

A

critical radiant flux (CRF)

82
Q

the higher a CRF number =

A

less flammable the carpet is

83
Q

if carpeting is flammable, flame spread will probably increase, that is CRF will decrease if what is present

A

underlayment

84
Q

acts as an insulator, keeping heat from carpeting from being dissipated to floor

A

underlayment

85
Q

when regulated, model building and fire codes consider 2 classes of interior floor finish ratings =

A

-Class 1: CRF min. >= 0.45 watt/cm^2
-Class 2: CRF min. >= 0.22 watt/ cm^2

86
Q

a reduction in CRF class is permitted in spaces protected by an approved what

A

automatic sprinkler system

87
Q

what caused these changes to be made:
-improved sprayed on fireproofing (adhesion & cohesion)
-provide separate high rise FF stairwell & improved FF elevator access
-require in building radio signal amplification in high rises and other structures

A

changes made to U.S. building and fire codes as a result of World Trade Center Collapse on 9/11/2001

88
Q

due to 9/11 many building codes were changed and in addition the very first provisions to allow what for civilian egress during an emergency were put into the building code

A

special hardened elevators (elevator cabs and shafts that have been fortified against extreme events such as explosions)

89
Q

in 2004 NIST issued a series of reports in Phoenix, Arizona in wood frame buildings showing that thermal imagers did not offer any help in establishing what

A

roof deck temperatures directly under the roof

90
Q

prototype vibration analysis tool, has been developed to monitor vibrations in a structure that might be precursor to collapse

A

HOBS (Health of Burning Structure panel)

91
Q

In 2008, UL w/ Chicago FD tested “legacy” construction (traditional wood members) versus lightweight structural members (wood I beams and trusses) for collapse comparisons resulting in

A

lightweight wooden I beams collapse in 6:03 minutes
legacy 2x10 in beam construction outlasted lightweight construction by a 3:1 margin

92
Q

specify level of fire resistance in hours and # & type of penetrations permitted

A

building codes

93
Q

typically 2-4 hour fire resistance rated and are used to create separate buildings

A

fire walls

94
Q

defined in IBC as fire resistance rated smoke tight wall having protected openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously from the foundation to or through the roof, with sufficient structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of construction on either side without collapse of wall

A

fire walls

95
Q

typically 1 hour fire resistance rated and are used to create fire resistive corridors and to separate tenant spaces in covered mall buildings

A

fire partitions

96
Q

defined by IBC as a vertical assembly of materials; designed to restrict spread of fire in which openings are protected

A

fire partitions

97
Q

typically 1-2 hours fire resistance rated and used to enclose shafts, exit stairwells, exit passageways, and horizontal exits and to separate spaces from certain hazardous areas

A

fire barriers

98
Q

defined in IBC as fire resistance rated vertical or horizontal assembly materials; designed to restrict spread of fire in which openings are protected

A

fire barriers

99
Q

openings in fire resistive assemblies are required to be

A

fire resistance rated as well

100
Q

heating ventilating air conditioning (HVAC) system passing through fire resistive assemblies must be provided with

A

fire damper

101
Q

are mechanically operated using a fusible link that drops a metal “curtain” or blade inside, blocking passage of fire ; some use pneumatic or electrical activation

A

fire dampers

102
Q

combined fire and smoke dampers, typically used in what, also require periodic maintenance

A

used in smoke barrier or smoke partition

103
Q

can have fire protection ratings ranging from 20 minutes - 3 hours, depending on type of fire resistance rated assembly in which it is located

A

fire doors

104
Q

one of the most important aspects of a fire door is its ability to

A

close and latch closed

105
Q

shopping malls have minimum what, which can allow smoke to pollute entire mall

A

minimum horizontal barriers

106
Q

tested using NFPA 252, UL10B, ASTM E2074; furnace is used to test

A

fire doors

107
Q

doors can close by what 3 methods

A

swinging
sliding
rolling

108
Q

most common choice; used in corridors and stairwell openings (doors)

A

swinging doors

109
Q

typically found across openings in elevator shafts or stairwells in old factories (doors)

A

sliding

110
Q

used in large openings found in modern factories and warehouses (doors)

A

rolling

111
Q

sometimes used in buildings; typically rolling fire doors used to protect small openings such as ticket booth window in a rated corridor

A

fire shutters

112
Q

2 types of fire door closure devices

A

self closing
automatic

113
Q

room or stairway door equipped with an automatic door closer that closes the door after it has been opened is an example of what type of door closure device

A

self closing type

114
Q

some stairway door closures are equipped with fusible links which are designed to do what

A

fail at specific temp and close door when heat from fire is encountered

115
Q

fusible links of doors are not sensitive to what

A

smoke

116
Q

fire walls with automatic fire doors intended to close only in case of fire are equipped with

A

fusible links

117
Q

when inspecting fire doors and shutters you should look for:

A

-operating
-raise counterweights of automatic sliding door and counterbalanced doors to be sure they close
-damage
-all hardware (latches, guides, threshold)
-fusible links (free of paint or other foreign matter)
-proper operation of “door coordinators” ensure opened fire doors (leafs) close in proper order, with good seal

118
Q

FF’s should not pass through a fire door without

A

blocking it

119
Q

doors that are held open by electromagnets, have a door latch system that can be triggered automatically by smoke detectors on either side of the door by

A

fire, smoke alarm, or sprinkler flow alarm (can also be designed to permit manual release)

120
Q

2 leaf doors should be checked to see that the doors close in the deigned sequences b/c the roller that accomplishes this task is frequently

A

damaged from constant use

121
Q

smoke sensitive doors are controlled individually by one or 2 detectors that trip door as smoke is detected; these doors should not have

A

latches that hold them open

122
Q

creating fire areas no larger than one floor; all connections b/w floors designed to stop spread of fire

A

compartmentation

123
Q

stairways in new buildings enclosed and provided with self closing doors w/ fire protection rating is considered fireproofing and a concept of

A

compartmentation

124
Q

open interior access or convenience stairs installed create what

A

single fire area consisting of 2 or more floors

125
Q

open stairs allows what to travel easily

A

smoke and fire to travel easily from one floor to floor above

126
Q

after several multiple fatality hotel fires in the 1940’s, an effort was made to

A

enclose open stairways

127
Q

used to reduce travel distance and to subdivide (compartmentalize) floors

A

horizontal exits

128
Q

typically 2 hour rated wall with rated fire doors

A

horizontal exit

129
Q

building codes require hose outlets at the openings of a horizontal exit to ensure

A

sufficient # of hose outlets are available throughout each floor avoiding excessively long hose stretches

130
Q

used in healthcare facilities b/c they can be used to move non-ambulatory occupants to a smoke free area; also used in certain underground buildings

A

smoke barriers

131
Q

typically 1 hour fire rated and with smoke protected openings, including “smoke” dampers and door sweeps at the bottom

A

smoke barriers

CGFD (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions