Brannigans Building Construction CH.3 Methods and Materials of Construction, Renovation, and Demolition Flashcards
it was not until what event that there was a national push for the development of model building code
Great Baltimore Fire of 1904
most building codes are not retroactive meaning that buildings don’t have to what?
do not have to comply with the most current regulations in community
regulates the actual design and construction of new buildings, providing for legal minimum levels of health and safety; also applies to renovation, alteration or demolition of existing building
building code
regulates level and amount of fire protection in a new structure; dictates how and where fire walls and sprinkler system are to be bult and installed
building code
typically not applied retroactively to existing buildings that are not being changed
building code
regulates the activities that take place in existing buildings, including the maintenance of existing fire protection features such as automatic sprinklers and fire door, hazardous processes such as spray finishing, storage of hazardous materials and general fire precautions
fire code
applicable to existing buildings and hazards
fire code
codes apply to the installation of domestic water systems, sanitary systems, and other similar systems
plumbing codes
apply to systems such as air handling systems and smoke control systems
mechanical codes
apply to the installation of electrical systems
electrical codes
set of regulations passed in 1990 that includes, among other things, requirements for an area of refuge for disables people in multistory buildings
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
enforced by state and/or federal authorities such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA); include provisions to prevent falls (through the use of safety barriers) and protection from being hit or crushed
occupational health and safety regulations; apply to construction site
responsible for the overall project and is the individual who actually designs the buildings appearance and layout
architect
decides which materials will be used and how the building will function
architect
designs the structural frame of the building for big large structures; determines the number and sizes of beams and columns, analyzes the overall strength of the building and the various anticipated dead and live loads and incorporates seismic protection in structures subject to earthquakes
structural engineer
designs layout of the site including parking, drainage and roadways
civil engineer
designs the heating and air conditioning systems and plumbing systems
mechanical engineer
designs lighting, including sprinkler systems and fire alarm systems
fire protection engineer
has ultimate responsibility of building the structure on time and on budget
general contractor
electrical, plumbing, wallboard, fire alarm/security system, sprinkler and fireproofing contractors are examples of
subcontractors
provide all of the details needed to obtain building permit and to construct the building
building plans and specifications
fire protection system drawings for sprinkler and fire alarm systems may be included in a set of plans submitted for what and by who?
submitted for building permit
by fire protection contractors installing the system
manuals prepared by building designers that specify which particular type of device or equipment is to be used in the building
specifications (specs)
preliminary site work involves testing the soil for what?
quality and load bearing capacity
once load capacity of the soil and the structural loading have been established, decisions of the type of what can be made?
foundation
serves as the support to the loads placed upon the structure
foundation
structures that will be erected on weak soils, such as those with high silt content, may need to use what?
deep foundations such as piles (wood or steel) or caissons (concrete)
shallow foundation used to support smaller buildings and those on stronger soils
below grade footing
building itself above grade
superstructure
area below grade to the lowest basement floor slab
substructure
from the lowest below grade slab and the footings/caissons/piles
foundation
used to remove groundwater as the excavation move below the water table
dewatering pump
soil walls in the excavation are protected against collapse by the use of braced sheeting using what?
crosslot bracing, rakers and tiebacks
can sometimes be a flat slab of concrete (pad) on which a building sits or can incorporate basements or crawl spaces, often using concrete block as support for the building above the empty space
walls of the substructure and foundation
solid concrete walls can be constructed for the basement by what 2 means ?
poured in place with traditional formwork (typical of larger buildings or
constructed of prefabricated interlocking concrete wall panels that are bolted together
often made of polystyrene or polyurethane in which concrete is poured and reinforcing rods are added creating a sloid, insulated concrete basement wall
interlocking insulated concrete forms (basements)
interior surface of insulating foam in basement is covered usually with what?
gypsum board
what is usually placed in insulating foam?
electrical conduits and plumbing
trench is dug, steel reinforcement is placed in the trench, and a liquid slurry compound is placed in the trench to support the trench wall; usually found in large buildings
slurry wall
once concrete has cured in trench, the interior face of trench can be removed exposing what?
concrete wall
for many years was used for foundations and walls particularly for residential buildings; “dry laid” meaning stones are laid without mortar (interlocked)
fieldstone
what should you be careful with with a field stone wall?
stability, particularly the stones that are laid haphazardly
floor beams rested upon array of posts projecting out of the soil; creates a crawl space, which poses danger in form of hidden fire under house
pier-and-beam foundation
uses a concrete beam around the perimeter with masonry piers evenly spaced within the perimeter to support wood floor framing
pier-and-beam home
2 types of cranes
mobile and tower cranes
can be driven to desired location at construction site; can be truck mounted or a “crawler” type
mobile crane
fixed in place and is sometimes attached to the building that is being constructed
tower crane
used by cranes, the beam that carries the load being moved
boom
articulated; sometimes used to allow the end of the crane to move up and down without moving the boom
jib
used to balance the loads carried by cranes
counterweights
often utilize either a telescoping boom or a fixed length boom
mobile cranes
incorporates a vertical tower section to achieve height and a horizontal jib that can be moved up and down to love loads
tower cranes
used to build wood frame single family and multifamily dwellings; became popular after WW2
modular construction
in some modular homes, one particular completion task is the installation of gypsum board ceilings using what?
a solid foam plastic adhesive
new form of modular construction; uses stacks of metal shipping containers to create multistory buildings; considered “green construction”
intermodal steel building unit (ISBU)
made of steel renders them noncombustible; vertical ventilation impossible so limited to horizontal ventilation
ISBU- intermodal steel building unit
5 types of construction
- fire resistive
- noncombustible
- ordinary
- heavy timber
- wood frame
used in the construction of concrete buildings, often made of wood
falsework or formwork
used to support (and form) poured concrete during the curing process
falsework
used for tock blasting purposes; sometimes stored onsite (some cities do not allow overnight)
explosives
temporary metal framework of individual steel (or aluminum on small projects) tubes and couplers; used to provide platform for workers to build, demolish or repair the face of a building
scaffolding
explosive in concentrations of 15-25%
ammonia
fractured utilities and dangerous unsupported free standing walls are a typical problem at what sites ?
demolition sites
natural stone or concrete are strong and weak in what?
strong in compression weak in tension
works b/c all members are under compression
stone arch
if a material contribute fuel to a combustion process, it is considered what and taken into consideration for fire formulas?
considered combustible
woods used to build structures includes what 2 woods ?
softwoods (confiners such as pines) and hardwoods (such as oak)
given to lumbar and includes info such as span ratings for structural wood panels (which establish safe spacing b/w roof rafters and floor joists that the panel can cover
grade
less than or equal to 2 in nominal thickness
board
2-4 in nominal thickness
dimensional lumbar
greater than or equal to 5in nominal thickness
timber
thickness of the lumbar prior to drying in a kiln at the lumbar mill
nominal thickness
which wood has less strength wet wood or dry wood?
wet wood
manufactured with the grain of alternate plies laid at right angles to develop approximately equal strength in either direction
plywood
a wood panel in which all of the strands are laid at right angles but the strands are much smaller (3-4 in); cheaper than plywood
oriented strand board (OSB)
products that are pressed and glued together
laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
parallel strand lumber (PSL)
laminated strand lumber (LSL)
thin wood veneers laid parallel to the length of the member
laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
long veneers laid parallel, but in a more random arrangement
parallel strand lumber (PSL)
similar to OSB but with longer 12in flaked wood strands
laminated strand lumber (LSL)
a smooth sided piece of clay that has been cured in a oven
brick
type of masonry unit, quite fire resistant but can spall when subject to fire
brick
when a masonry unit loses surface material
spall
regulations require the use of what in the restoration of old buildings built with soft bricks; water soluble
sand lime mortar
made of sand, water, clay and a fibrous material like manure or straw has long been used to make blocks
adobe
hollow core masonry unit, typically 8x16 in concrete block or “cinder block”
concrete masonry unity (CMU)
hollow cores of CMUs
cells
when used for construction of walls, CMUs are sometimes reinforced with what?
steel reinforcement bar (rebar) and concrete inside cells
natural stone buildings will do what when exposed to fire, particularly granite
spall
granite, marble, limestone and sandstone are examples of
quarried stone
mixture of Portland cement, water and aggregate (coarse like gravel/ fine like sand)
concrete
cement is a component of what; they are not the same thing
concrete
cured (hardened to full strength) using formwork (falsework)
concrete
can be added to give concrete special characteristics such as corrosion resistance if steel reinforcing rods are to be added to the concrete
admixture
concrete is tested in compression b/c it has no what ?
tensile strength
reinforced concrete is what type of material?
composite material (2 elements act together under the load)
in reinforced concrete, what provides the compressive and tensile strength ?
concrete provides compressive
steel provides tensile
almost equally strong in compression and tension but usually tested only in tension
steel
special type of lightweight concrete (1/4 weight of traditional concrete) that is cured in a factory kiln under high pressure, creating millions of small cells inside concrete; made into slabs, panels, or blocks and can be cut at the construction site
aerated autoclave concrete
wrought iron and cast iron were used in many structures in what century?
19th century
malleable (can be shaped) and contains little carbon (0.2%)
wrought iron
brittle material with high carbon content (3-4%); if heated in fire it can easily fail when struck with cold water
cast iron
what is the chief cause of failure of cast iron columns?
poor connections of floor beams to cast iron columns
common use today, alloy composed of iron and carbon (<2%)
structural steel
3 negative characteristics of structural steel
- conducts heat
- when heated it elongates
- fails at about 1000-1100F (538-593C)
cold drawn steel, such as cables that are sometimes used to brace failing buildings or as tendons in tensioned concrete can fail at what temperature?
800F (427C)
unlike with cast iron, the application of water for cooling steel does not cause failure; it simply removes what?
removes heat thereby regaining strength
lightweight pressed or rolled steel members coated with zinc for corrosion protection
galvanized cold formed steel members
used in the form of load bearing and non load bearing “C” shaped studs as well as load bearing beams and rafters
galvanized cold formed steel members
melts at typical fire temps
aluminum
aluminum trusses and beams are sometimes used for concrete what?
concrete framework
often one of the first signs of a serious fire in an enclosed structure is what, often described as an explosion
violent pressure failure of windows
windows that are doubled or triple glazed for energy conservation
thermal pane windows
some codes require that some windows in what type of buildings be made of breakable glass, sometimes marked with Maltese cross
high rise buildings
saws equipped with carbide tipped blade can help cut through these windows
laminated “hurricane resistant” windows
when properly installed, this type of glass has greater resistance to fire than ordinary glass but it passes radiant heat as readily as regular glass
wired glass
combination of non combustible glass fibers and combustible binders; often installed above metal grid suspended ceilings
glass fiber insulation
glass fiber insulation effect on fire when above or below ceiling
above ceiling: conceal fire
below ceiling: retain heat in steel grids
was long used by itself or in combination with other materials as a fireproofing agent for steel
asbestos
imitation wood beams made of this common plastic can be ignited by a match
polyurethane
emit black dense smoke that is sooty, sticky and costly to clean up; can cause acute breathing distress and is highly toxic
plastic fire
can produce flaming, dripping plastic, which will produce secondary fires
thermoplastic (i.e. polystyrene)
a plastic that chars and burns but does not flow
thermoset (i.e. polyurethane)
made of foamed urethane or expanded polystyrene is sandwiched b/w 2 panels of OSB or OSB on the exterior and gypsum board on the interior surface; used for roof and wall panels
foam core panels (plastic panels)
EIFS stands for
Exterior Insulation Finishing System
composite multilayer sheathing panel system; composed of a polystyrene foam plastic base covered with water resistant coating and fiberglass mesh and acrylic finish
exterior insulation finish system (EIFS)
have become popular for covering a variety of buildings ranging from car dealerships to high rise apartments; shiny metal surfaces are deceiving
aluminum clad polyethylene panels
middle of each panel “sandwich” is a core of polyethylene, a thermoplastic material that liquifies and ignites under heat
aluminum clad polyethylene panels
treated panels, mixed with minerals into polyethylene to reduce combustibility
fire retardant treated aluminum class polyethylene panels
used for corrugated and flat plastic panels and some automobile panels; will burn and leave matted sheet of glass fibers
resin plastics reinforced with fiberglass
structural members made of what are used for special buildings, such as those where no metal is permitted due to radio frequency interference or where corrosion is a serious problem
plastic reinforced by continuous glass fibers oriented in direction of the load
built to be used over tanks that emit corrosive fumes
bridges with clear span of 90 ft
typically used in wallboard (can be part of firewall or fire partition); composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate pressed b/w 2 sheets of cardboard
gypsum
part of a rated wall assembly; all components must be tested together in lab to get hourly fire resistance rating
wallboard
type of sheet that has points of connection at end of sheets that are weak points; need good sizeable hand tool to cut (halligan, axe blade)
gypsum board w/ fiberglass mesh core
some types of green homes are made of straw bales covered with what?
plaster
shape of a material affects its ability to resist what
compressive load or deflective one
bending that combines both compression and tension
deflection
not a consideration in tensile loads
shape
type of plate used at times for concrete roofs
folded plate
gives steel a greater ability to span a gap w/o unacceptable deflection or bending
corrugation
directly related to the cross section makeup of a material (internal configuration and mass of the material)
resistance to tensile loads
structural steel in common use today is an alloy composed of what
iron and carbon
failure of windows on upper floors of a high rise fire can create what with strong winds ?
wind driver fire
strong winds at open window can over pressurize interior, reversing direction of fire, looking for new path of least resistance
wind driven fire
falling glass may make outside operations at a high rise fire dangerous or even impossible, IC should establish a safety zone around building of how many ft?
200 ft (61m)
any firefighting on foam core roofs should be done by personnel operating from
aerial apparatus
building enclosed by foam core panels and fitted w/ energy efficient windows might well present with what conditions ?
flashover and backdraft conditions
after being heated by fire, this material begins to break down and process cannot be stopped
gypsum
many of these type of walls are made of gypsum attached to studs; sometimes quickest forcible entry into an occupancy is to bypass a locked door and go right through the gypsum wall
many fire resistive partition walls
