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CGFD > Brannigans Building Construction CH.3 Methods and Materials of Construction, Renovation, and Demolition > Flashcards

Brannigans Building Construction CH.3 Methods and Materials of Construction, Renovation, and Demolition Flashcards

1
Q

it was not until what event that there was a national push for the development of model building code

A

Great Baltimore Fire of 1904

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2
Q

most building codes are not retroactive meaning that buildings don’t have to what?

A

do not have to comply with the most current regulations in community

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3
Q

regulates the actual design and construction of new buildings, providing for legal minimum levels of health and safety; also applies to renovation, alteration or demolition of existing building

A

building code

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4
Q

regulates level and amount of fire protection in a new structure; dictates how and where fire walls and sprinkler system are to be bult and installed

A

building code

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5
Q

typically not applied retroactively to existing buildings that are not being changed

A

building code

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6
Q

regulates the activities that take place in existing buildings, including the maintenance of existing fire protection features such as automatic sprinklers and fire door, hazardous processes such as spray finishing, storage of hazardous materials and general fire precautions

A

fire code

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7
Q

applicable to existing buildings and hazards

A

fire code

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8
Q

codes apply to the installation of domestic water systems, sanitary systems, and other similar systems

A

plumbing codes

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9
Q

apply to systems such as air handling systems and smoke control systems

A

mechanical codes

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10
Q

apply to the installation of electrical systems

A

electrical codes

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11
Q

set of regulations passed in 1990 that includes, among other things, requirements for an area of refuge for disables people in multistory buildings

A

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

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12
Q

enforced by state and/or federal authorities such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA); include provisions to prevent falls (through the use of safety barriers) and protection from being hit or crushed

A

occupational health and safety regulations; apply to construction site

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13
Q

responsible for the overall project and is the individual who actually designs the buildings appearance and layout

A

architect

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14
Q

decides which materials will be used and how the building will function

A

architect

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15
Q

designs the structural frame of the building for big large structures; determines the number and sizes of beams and columns, analyzes the overall strength of the building and the various anticipated dead and live loads and incorporates seismic protection in structures subject to earthquakes

A

structural engineer

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16
Q

designs layout of the site including parking, drainage and roadways

A

civil engineer

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17
Q

designs the heating and air conditioning systems and plumbing systems

A

mechanical engineer

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18
Q

designs lighting, including sprinkler systems and fire alarm systems

A

fire protection engineer

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19
Q

has ultimate responsibility of building the structure on time and on budget

A

general contractor

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20
Q

electrical, plumbing, wallboard, fire alarm/security system, sprinkler and fireproofing contractors are examples of

A

subcontractors

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21
Q

provide all of the details needed to obtain building permit and to construct the building

A

building plans and specifications

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22
Q

fire protection system drawings for sprinkler and fire alarm systems may be included in a set of plans submitted for what and by who?

A

submitted for building permit
by fire protection contractors installing the system

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23
Q

manuals prepared by building designers that specify which particular type of device or equipment is to be used in the building

A

specifications (specs)

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24
Q

preliminary site work involves testing the soil for what?

A

quality and load bearing capacity

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25
Q

once load capacity of the soil and the structural loading have been established, decisions of the type of what can be made?

A

foundation

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26
Q

serves as the support to the loads placed upon the structure

A

foundation

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27
Q

structures that will be erected on weak soils, such as those with high silt content, may need to use what?

A

deep foundations such as piles (wood or steel) or caissons (concrete)

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28
Q

shallow foundation used to support smaller buildings and those on stronger soils

A

below grade footing

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29
Q

building itself above grade

A

superstructure

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30
Q

area below grade to the lowest basement floor slab

A

substructure

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31
Q

from the lowest below grade slab and the footings/caissons/piles

A

foundation

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32
Q

used to remove groundwater as the excavation move below the water table

A

dewatering pump

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33
Q

soil walls in the excavation are protected against collapse by the use of braced sheeting using what?

A

crosslot bracing, rakers and tiebacks

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34
Q

can sometimes be a flat slab of concrete (pad) on which a building sits or can incorporate basements or crawl spaces, often using concrete block as support for the building above the empty space

A

walls of the substructure and foundation

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35
Q

solid concrete walls can be constructed for the basement by what 2 means ?

A

poured in place with traditional formwork (typical of larger buildings or
constructed of prefabricated interlocking concrete wall panels that are bolted together

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36
Q

often made of polystyrene or polyurethane in which concrete is poured and reinforcing rods are added creating a sloid, insulated concrete basement wall

A

interlocking insulated concrete forms (basements)

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37
Q

interior surface of insulating foam in basement is covered usually with what?

A

gypsum board

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38
Q

what is usually placed in insulating foam?

A

electrical conduits and plumbing

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39
Q

trench is dug, steel reinforcement is placed in the trench, and a liquid slurry compound is placed in the trench to support the trench wall; usually found in large buildings

A

slurry wall

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40
Q

once concrete has cured in trench, the interior face of trench can be removed exposing what?

A

concrete wall

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41
Q

for many years was used for foundations and walls particularly for residential buildings; “dry laid” meaning stones are laid without mortar (interlocked)

A

fieldstone

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42
Q

what should you be careful with with a field stone wall?

A

stability, particularly the stones that are laid haphazardly

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43
Q

floor beams rested upon array of posts projecting out of the soil; creates a crawl space, which poses danger in form of hidden fire under house

A

pier-and-beam foundation

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44
Q

uses a concrete beam around the perimeter with masonry piers evenly spaced within the perimeter to support wood floor framing

A

pier-and-beam home

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45
Q

2 types of cranes

A

mobile and tower cranes

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46
Q

can be driven to desired location at construction site; can be truck mounted or a “crawler” type

A

mobile crane

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47
Q

fixed in place and is sometimes attached to the building that is being constructed

A

tower crane

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48
Q

used by cranes, the beam that carries the load being moved

A

boom

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49
Q

articulated; sometimes used to allow the end of the crane to move up and down without moving the boom

A

jib

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50
Q

used to balance the loads carried by cranes

A

counterweights

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51
Q

often utilize either a telescoping boom or a fixed length boom

A

mobile cranes

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52
Q

incorporates a vertical tower section to achieve height and a horizontal jib that can be moved up and down to love loads

A

tower cranes

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53
Q

used to build wood frame single family and multifamily dwellings; became popular after WW2

A

modular construction

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54
Q

in some modular homes, one particular completion task is the installation of gypsum board ceilings using what?

A

a solid foam plastic adhesive

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55
Q

new form of modular construction; uses stacks of metal shipping containers to create multistory buildings; considered “green construction”

A

intermodal steel building unit (ISBU)

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56
Q

made of steel renders them noncombustible; vertical ventilation impossible so limited to horizontal ventilation

A

ISBU- intermodal steel building unit

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57
Q

5 types of construction

A
  1. fire resistive
  2. noncombustible
  3. ordinary
  4. heavy timber
  5. wood frame
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58
Q

used in the construction of concrete buildings, often made of wood

A

falsework or formwork

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59
Q

used to support (and form) poured concrete during the curing process

A

falsework

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60
Q

used for tock blasting purposes; sometimes stored onsite (some cities do not allow overnight)

A

explosives

61
Q

temporary metal framework of individual steel (or aluminum on small projects) tubes and couplers; used to provide platform for workers to build, demolish or repair the face of a building

A

scaffolding

62
Q

explosive in concentrations of 15-25%

A

ammonia

63
Q

fractured utilities and dangerous unsupported free standing walls are a typical problem at what sites ?

A

demolition sites

64
Q

natural stone or concrete are strong and weak in what?

A

strong in compression weak in tension

65
Q

works b/c all members are under compression

A

stone arch

66
Q

if a material contribute fuel to a combustion process, it is considered what and taken into consideration for fire formulas?

A

considered combustible

67
Q

woods used to build structures includes what 2 woods ?

A

softwoods (confiners such as pines) and hardwoods (such as oak)

68
Q

given to lumbar and includes info such as span ratings for structural wood panels (which establish safe spacing b/w roof rafters and floor joists that the panel can cover

A

grade

69
Q

less than or equal to 2 in nominal thickness

A

board

70
Q

2-4 in nominal thickness

A

dimensional lumbar

71
Q

greater than or equal to 5in nominal thickness

A

timber

72
Q

thickness of the lumbar prior to drying in a kiln at the lumbar mill

A

nominal thickness

73
Q

which wood has less strength wet wood or dry wood?

A

wet wood

74
Q

manufactured with the grain of alternate plies laid at right angles to develop approximately equal strength in either direction

A

plywood

75
Q

a wood panel in which all of the strands are laid at right angles but the strands are much smaller (3-4 in); cheaper than plywood

A

oriented strand board (OSB)

76
Q

products that are pressed and glued together

A

laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
parallel strand lumber (PSL)
laminated strand lumber (LSL)

77
Q

thin wood veneers laid parallel to the length of the member

A

laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

78
Q

long veneers laid parallel, but in a more random arrangement

A

parallel strand lumber (PSL)

79
Q

similar to OSB but with longer 12in flaked wood strands

A

laminated strand lumber (LSL)

80
Q

a smooth sided piece of clay that has been cured in a oven

A

brick

81
Q

type of masonry unit, quite fire resistant but can spall when subject to fire

A

brick

82
Q

when a masonry unit loses surface material

A

spall

83
Q

regulations require the use of what in the restoration of old buildings built with soft bricks; water soluble

A

sand lime mortar

84
Q

made of sand, water, clay and a fibrous material like manure or straw has long been used to make blocks

A

adobe

85
Q

hollow core masonry unit, typically 8x16 in concrete block or “cinder block”

A

concrete masonry unity (CMU)

86
Q

hollow cores of CMUs

A

cells

87
Q

when used for construction of walls, CMUs are sometimes reinforced with what?

A

steel reinforcement bar (rebar) and concrete inside cells

88
Q

natural stone buildings will do what when exposed to fire, particularly granite

A

spall

89
Q

granite, marble, limestone and sandstone are examples of

A

quarried stone

90
Q

mixture of Portland cement, water and aggregate (coarse like gravel/ fine like sand)

A

concrete

91
Q

cement is a component of what; they are not the same thing

A

concrete

92
Q

cured (hardened to full strength) using formwork (falsework)

A

concrete

93
Q

can be added to give concrete special characteristics such as corrosion resistance if steel reinforcing rods are to be added to the concrete

A

admixture

94
Q

concrete is tested in compression b/c it has no what ?

A

tensile strength

95
Q

reinforced concrete is what type of material?

A

composite material (2 elements act together under the load)

96
Q

in reinforced concrete, what provides the compressive and tensile strength ?

A

concrete provides compressive
steel provides tensile

97
Q

almost equally strong in compression and tension but usually tested only in tension

A

steel

98
Q

special type of lightweight concrete (1/4 weight of traditional concrete) that is cured in a factory kiln under high pressure, creating millions of small cells inside concrete; made into slabs, panels, or blocks and can be cut at the construction site

A

aerated autoclave concrete

99
Q

wrought iron and cast iron were used in many structures in what century?

A

19th century

100
Q

malleable (can be shaped) and contains little carbon (0.2%)

A

wrought iron

101
Q

brittle material with high carbon content (3-4%); if heated in fire it can easily fail when struck with cold water

A

cast iron

102
Q

what is the chief cause of failure of cast iron columns?

A

poor connections of floor beams to cast iron columns

103
Q

common use today, alloy composed of iron and carbon (<2%)

A

structural steel

104
Q

3 negative characteristics of structural steel

A
  1. conducts heat
  2. when heated it elongates
  3. fails at about 1000-1100F (538-593C)
105
Q

cold drawn steel, such as cables that are sometimes used to brace failing buildings or as tendons in tensioned concrete can fail at what temperature?

A

800F (427C)

106
Q

unlike with cast iron, the application of water for cooling steel does not cause failure; it simply removes what?

A

removes heat thereby regaining strength

107
Q

lightweight pressed or rolled steel members coated with zinc for corrosion protection

A

galvanized cold formed steel members

108
Q

used in the form of load bearing and non load bearing “C” shaped studs as well as load bearing beams and rafters

A

galvanized cold formed steel members

109
Q

melts at typical fire temps

A

aluminum

110
Q

aluminum trusses and beams are sometimes used for concrete what?

A

concrete framework

111
Q

often one of the first signs of a serious fire in an enclosed structure is what, often described as an explosion

A

violent pressure failure of windows

112
Q

windows that are doubled or triple glazed for energy conservation

A

thermal pane windows

113
Q

some codes require that some windows in what type of buildings be made of breakable glass, sometimes marked with Maltese cross

A

high rise buildings

114
Q

saws equipped with carbide tipped blade can help cut through these windows

A

laminated “hurricane resistant” windows

115
Q

when properly installed, this type of glass has greater resistance to fire than ordinary glass but it passes radiant heat as readily as regular glass

A

wired glass

116
Q

combination of non combustible glass fibers and combustible binders; often installed above metal grid suspended ceilings

A

glass fiber insulation

117
Q

glass fiber insulation effect on fire when above or below ceiling

A

above ceiling: conceal fire
below ceiling: retain heat in steel grids

118
Q

was long used by itself or in combination with other materials as a fireproofing agent for steel

A

asbestos

119
Q

imitation wood beams made of this common plastic can be ignited by a match

A

polyurethane

120
Q

emit black dense smoke that is sooty, sticky and costly to clean up; can cause acute breathing distress and is highly toxic

A

plastic fire

121
Q

can produce flaming, dripping plastic, which will produce secondary fires

A

thermoplastic (i.e. polystyrene)

122
Q

a plastic that chars and burns but does not flow

A

thermoset (i.e. polyurethane)

123
Q

made of foamed urethane or expanded polystyrene is sandwiched b/w 2 panels of OSB or OSB on the exterior and gypsum board on the interior surface; used for roof and wall panels

A

foam core panels (plastic panels)

124
Q

EIFS stands for

A

Exterior Insulation Finishing System

125
Q

composite multilayer sheathing panel system; composed of a polystyrene foam plastic base covered with water resistant coating and fiberglass mesh and acrylic finish

A

exterior insulation finish system (EIFS)

126
Q

have become popular for covering a variety of buildings ranging from car dealerships to high rise apartments; shiny metal surfaces are deceiving

A

aluminum clad polyethylene panels

127
Q

middle of each panel “sandwich” is a core of polyethylene, a thermoplastic material that liquifies and ignites under heat

A

aluminum clad polyethylene panels

128
Q

treated panels, mixed with minerals into polyethylene to reduce combustibility

A

fire retardant treated aluminum class polyethylene panels

129
Q

used for corrugated and flat plastic panels and some automobile panels; will burn and leave matted sheet of glass fibers

A

resin plastics reinforced with fiberglass

130
Q

structural members made of what are used for special buildings, such as those where no metal is permitted due to radio frequency interference or where corrosion is a serious problem

A

plastic reinforced by continuous glass fibers oriented in direction of the load

131
Q

built to be used over tanks that emit corrosive fumes

A

bridges with clear span of 90 ft

132
Q

typically used in wallboard (can be part of firewall or fire partition); composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate pressed b/w 2 sheets of cardboard

A

gypsum

133
Q

part of a rated wall assembly; all components must be tested together in lab to get hourly fire resistance rating

A

wallboard

134
Q

type of sheet that has points of connection at end of sheets that are weak points; need good sizeable hand tool to cut (halligan, axe blade)

A

gypsum board w/ fiberglass mesh core

135
Q

some types of green homes are made of straw bales covered with what?

A

plaster

136
Q

shape of a material affects its ability to resist what

A

compressive load or deflective one

137
Q

bending that combines both compression and tension

A

deflection

138
Q

not a consideration in tensile loads

A

shape

139
Q

type of plate used at times for concrete roofs

A

folded plate

140
Q

gives steel a greater ability to span a gap w/o unacceptable deflection or bending

A

corrugation

141
Q

directly related to the cross section makeup of a material (internal configuration and mass of the material)

A

resistance to tensile loads

142
Q

structural steel in common use today is an alloy composed of what

A

iron and carbon

143
Q

failure of windows on upper floors of a high rise fire can create what with strong winds ?

A

wind driver fire

144
Q

strong winds at open window can over pressurize interior, reversing direction of fire, looking for new path of least resistance

A

wind driven fire

145
Q

falling glass may make outside operations at a high rise fire dangerous or even impossible, IC should establish a safety zone around building of how many ft?

A

200 ft (61m)

146
Q

any firefighting on foam core roofs should be done by personnel operating from

A

aerial apparatus

147
Q

building enclosed by foam core panels and fitted w/ energy efficient windows might well present with what conditions ?

A

flashover and backdraft conditions

148
Q

after being heated by fire, this material begins to break down and process cannot be stopped

A

gypsum

149
Q

many of these type of walls are made of gypsum attached to studs; sometimes quickest forcible entry into an occupancy is to bypass a locked door and go right through the gypsum wall

A

many fire resistive partition walls

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