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CGFD > Brannigans Building Construction CH.2 Concepts of Construction (pt.2) > Flashcards

Brannigans Building Construction CH.2 Concepts of Construction (pt.2) Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the distribution of loads along a beam

A

beam loading

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2
Q

assuming a simple beam can carry 8 units of distributed load, how many units can it carry at the center, cantilevered distributed, and on unsupported cantilever

A

center: 4 units
cantilever distributed: 2 units
unsupported cantilever end: 1 unit

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3
Q

the result of force exerted by a beam on a support

A

reaction of beam

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4
Q

total reactions of the supports of a beam must equal what?

A

weight of beam and its load

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5
Q

the load that will bend of break a beam

A

bending moment

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6
Q

heavy loads should be placed directly over or very close to what on a beam?

A

point of support

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7
Q

type of beam, framed structure consisting of a triangle or group of triangles arranged in a single plane in such a manner that loads are applied at the points of intersections of the members will cause only direct stresses (tension or compression) in the members

A

truss

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8
Q

can support axial loads but are not designed to handle rotational moments

A

trusses

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9
Q

top and bottom members of a truss

A

chords

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10
Q

compressive connecting members of a truss

A

struts

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11
Q

tensile connecting members of a truss

A

ties

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12
Q

connection points in a truss

A

panel points

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13
Q

in a truss, as a group the struts, ties and panel points are called what?

A

the web

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14
Q

type of truss with bottom and top chords parallel

A

parallel chord truss

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15
Q

have a very long span and may have a slight upward pitch to center to facilitate water runoff

A

parallel chord roof trusses

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16
Q

can be used as roof rafters; provide a peaked rood with usable attic space (dormer windows may be a clue)

A

wooden parallel chord trusses

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17
Q

roof truss may be triangular in shape to provide a peaked roof, known as

A

triangular truss

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18
Q

can provide huge clear spans yet have a dead weight considerably less than that of a corresponding ordinary beam

A

trusses

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19
Q

in a truss what carries compression what carries tension

A

top chord= compression

bottom chord= tension

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20
Q

when a truss is cantilevered what carries compression and what carries tension

A

top chord= tension

bottom chord= tension

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21
Q

in sketches of trusses how do you determine difference between compression and tension members?

A

compression members= thick lines

tension members= thin lines

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22
Q

if a tension member is tied from stub to beam ends at wall what will be formed?

A

triangle (truss)

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23
Q

single compression member, compression member extends downward

A

inverted king post truss

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24
Q

a truss with 2 compression members

A

queen post truss

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25
Q

truss can be designed and constructed as the minimum structure that will carry what?

A

design load

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26
Q

most serious effect of rising roofs is the weakened joints that can results from shrinking wood pulling away from what?

A

gusset plates

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27
Q

made of gusset plates made of small, thin pieces of galvanized sheet steel with teeth punched into one side; teeth are then pressed into 2 pieces of wood to hold them together

A

lightweight gusset plate trusses

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28
Q

a truss is efficient b/c it separates what forces?

A

compression and tension

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29
Q

since top chord on a truss is under compression it responds exactly like what?

A

a column

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30
Q

in a truss, all of the compressive load is carried on the top chord typically by a light member such as what?

A

2x4 or 2x6

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31
Q

except for short trusses, bottom chord (tensile) is made up of 2 or more pieces of wood joined end to end by what?

A

gusset plates

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32
Q

web members of a truss can be connected by what? q

A

gusset plates or by nailing and gluing

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33
Q

structural member that transmits a compressive force along a straight path in the direction of the member

A

column

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34
Q

any structural member that is compressively loaded, despite is attitude, is governed by the laws of (doesn’t have to be vertical)

A

columns

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35
Q

nonvertical columns; diagonal columns with brace foundation piling

A

struts or rakers

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36
Q

line of columns in any direction

A

bent

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37
Q

line of columns specially braced to resist wind

A

wind bent

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38
Q

the floor area b/w any 2 bents

A

bay

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39
Q

freestanding masonry load carrying column (in cathedral)

A

pillar

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40
Q

columns lose strength by change in what?

A

square of the change in length

i.e. 12 ft column can carry 1/4 load of a 6 ft column

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41
Q

most efficient shape for a column is one that distributes the material equally around what?

A

around the axis as far as possible from the center of the cylinder

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42
Q

in cast iron construction in buildings, interior and exterior columns are what shape?

A 
interior columns usually circular 
wall columns (within exterior walls) are rectangular
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43
Q

what shape would be the most efficient use of materials under a compressive load in a column b/c it is most nearly circular in cross section

A

4x4

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44
Q

masonry walls under construction are often braced against high winds by what?

A

scaffold planks usually 2x8 or 2x10

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45
Q

simply smoothed off tree trunks

A

wooden columns

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46
Q

beams are shaped like the letter “I” b/c the depth determines what?

A

strength

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47
Q

short, squat columns, fail by crushing

A

piers

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48
Q

fail by buckling, normally assumes “s” shape

A

long, slender columns

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49
Q

can fail by buckling or crushing

A

intermediate columns

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50
Q

very long thin columns are known as what?

A

Eulers law columns

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51
Q

Euler discovered that there is a critical load for a column and that the addtion of even a single atom over the critical load can cause what?

A

buckling and collape

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52
Q

formula for Eulers law

A 
P(c) = pie^2 X E(I)/ L^2
p= critical max load 
E= modules of elasticity of material in column 
I= moment of inertia 
L^2= length of column squared
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53
Q

in Eulers Law formula for column loading, cutting the length of the column in 2 increases the carrying capacity to what?

A

4 times higher than what it was initially

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54
Q

the load carrying capacity of a column can be increased by what?

A

bracing it

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55
Q

resembles a wide slender column; transmits to the ground the compressive forces applied along the top or received at any point on it

A

wall

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56
Q

wind load is an example of what?

A

flexural force

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57
Q

2 main divisions of walls

A

load bearing wall & non load bearing wall

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58
Q

carry a load of some part of the structure in addition to the weight of it itself

A

load bearing wall

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59
Q

support only their own weight (i.e. veneer wall, panel wall aka curtain wall, partition wall)

A

non-load bearing wall

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60
Q

any wall at right angles to any other wall; walls brace one another

A

cross wall

61
Q

made of single vertical thickness of masonry; designed simply to improve the exterior appearance of the building

A

veneer wall

62
Q

depends on the underlying wall for stability, should be tied to the wall with metal ties embedded in the mortar

A

veneer wall

63
Q

composed of 2 or more masonry materials that react together under a load (i.e. brick & concrete block)

A

composite wall

64
Q

used to contain fire spread; penetration in them that do not meet fire resistance requirements will allow fire to advance through

A

fire wall

65
Q

difference between panel and curtain walls on framed buildings

A

panel walls= one story in height

curtain walls= more than one story

66
Q

load bearing wall common to 2 structures

A

party wall

67
Q

non load bearing walls that subdivide areas of a floor; may be required to have some fire or smoke resistance and also may be required to extend to underside of floor over or only to ceiling line, leaving void above

A

partition walls

68
Q

wall typically found in top floor of a wooden frame home in a peaked roof; creates a void space

A

knee wall

69
Q

wall that bounds a tenant space

A

demising wall

70
Q

in framed building, designed to help resist force of wind; usually incorporated in required enclosures such as elevator shafts or stair shaft

A

shear wall

71
Q

wall with outer and inner wythes laid in a courses and finished

A

rubble masonry wall

72
Q

single vertical thickness of masonry

A

wythes

73
Q

when a masonry wall is under construction it acts as a what with respect to wind loads received on the face of the wall

A

cantilever beam

74
Q

when masonry wall has roof placed, the wall with respect to wind loads becomes what?

A

simple beam supported at both ends

75
Q

acts as a vertical cantilever when being erected and is braced by tormentors or temporary bracing poles

A

precast concrete tilt slab wall

76
Q

what provides permanent bracing for precast concrete tilt slab walls?

A

roof

77
Q

masonry structure built on the outside surface of the wall

A

buttress

78
Q

a masonry column projecting from one or both faces of the wall in which they are located

A

pilaster

79
Q

made of steel, reinforced concrete, or solid masonry (such as brick or solid block) in a block wall are

A

wall columns

80
Q

built of 2 wythes separated by a space for rain drainage or insulation (can be built of 2 rows of 4in brick, separated by 4in of space tied together with steel ties)

A

cavity or hollow wall

81
Q

rain penetrating hollow wall would drain down outer wythe drains to cavity to what?

A

weep holes at bottom

82
Q

if a wall acts as a unit (i.e. good bond exists between bricks, blocks and mortar)

A

homogeneous

83
Q

type of roof now more commonly used in large permanent structures

A

fabric roofs

84
Q

7 different roof types

A
  1. flat roof
  2. gable roof
  3. mansard roof
  4. shed or single pitch roof
  5. saltbox roof
  6. hip roof
  7. gambrel roof
85
Q

tend to push outward at the base, they must be either braced or tied; usually braced by heavy masonry buttresses

A

arches

86
Q

failing buttressed arches often are tied together with what?

A

steel rods

87
Q

thrust of a beams vs arch

A

beam thrust= straight down wall or column

arch= outward

88
Q

stones that make up an arch

A

voussoirs

89
Q

an arch is said to spring from where?

A

point of support

90
Q

portion of circumference of circle

A

segmental arch

91
Q

point at which arch changes direction

A

hinges

92
Q

derived from the arch; widely used for industrial and commercial buildings where clear space is required; must be tied together at bottom to resist characteristics outward thrust of the arch by steel reinforcing rods

A

rigid frame

93
Q

thin plate that is curved and built of concrete; transmits loads along curved surface to supports (can be less than 2 in thick)

A

shell

94
Q

dome is a what that can be considered a 3d arch

A

shell

95
Q

formed from large number of triangles of equal size; provide structures with high volume to weight ratios, sheath may be any desired material

A

geodesic domes

96
Q

manner in which a load is spread from the point of application to the ground

A

transmission

97
Q

when a load is placed on floorboards they transmit the load to what?

A

joist on either side of the load point

98
Q

load received by wall is delivered to what?

A

foundation then ground

99
Q

load delivered to girder is divided among what?

A

both walls and the column, in proportion to distance

100
Q

nature of the ground and the weight of the structure determine the what?

A

the foundation

101
Q

almost all foundations today are of

A

concrete

102
Q

transfer load from one structural element to another

A

connections

103
Q

a building is said to have what type of connections when the elements are connected by simple connectors such as bolts, rivets, or welded joints; usually not strong enough to reroute forces if members are removed ?

A

pinned connections

104
Q

in what type of building are connections strong enough to reroute forces if a member is removed

A

rigid frame building

105
Q

opposing forces within a member pulling the member in opposite directions

A

shear force

106
Q

tendency of a force to rotate a member

A

moment

107
Q

a connection that prevents the column and beam sliding past each other

A

shear connection

108
Q

prevent beam and column from sliding past each other and also prevents rotation of beam around column (bending moment)

A

moment connection

109
Q

in a steel frame structure a beam that is bolted to a column is what?

A

shear connection

110
Q

a connection in which beam and column are bolted and welded together (a weld connects b/w beam flanges to the column)

A

moment connection (considered rigid)

111
Q

structure that includes successive poured castings joined together so that completed building is like on piece of stone; also a rigid frame structure

A

monolithic concrete structure

112
Q

in a rigid frame structure, if a column is removed it is possible for building to do what with load?

A

redistribute load to remaining members

113
Q

precast concrete buildings may be pinned or may be made monolithic by use of what, which cast in place concrete unites rods that project from precast sections?

A

wet joint

114
Q

in an ordinary riveted steel framed building, collapse of a column will cause what?

A

collapse of all elements supported by that column

115
Q

some steel buildings have connections that redirect overloads to other sections of building known as

A

plastic design

116
Q

buildings can withstand undesigned loads either what?

A

vertical or lateral

117
Q

often structural failure is due to what?

A

failure of connections

118
Q

ways in which connections can fail

A
  1. masonry walls shift out dropping joist
  2. beams pull out when heavy loads applied
  3. high winds
  4. rust on steel connectors
  5. concrete disintegrates
119
Q

in many buildings and particularly older buildings, connections may be adequate as long as building is what?

A

axially loaded

120
Q

used exclusively in masonry work until 1880; water soluble

A

sand lime mortar

121
Q

since 1940’s many building codes have required that a structure be what?

A

anchored to foundation

122
Q

connections in lightweight wood trusses are held together with steel gusset plates or what (pressed into wood penetrating only 3/8 in)?

A

gang nail

123
Q

steel heated to 1000*F elongates by how much per 100ft of length ?

A

9.5 inches per 100 ft

124
Q

if a building is not required to be fire resistive, steel might be what?

A

unprotected

125
Q

often found in precast reinforced concrete buildings; often used to tie buildings together or to provide some additional resistance to earthquake movement

A

unprotected steel connections (steel rods and cables)

126
Q

unprotected steel rods and cables can at what temperature?

A

800*F

127
Q

steel tension rod connections to wooden beam may be hidden where?

A

cockloft

128
Q

fire where can cause beam connections to fail causing interior collapse?

A

cockloft fire

129
Q

end of joist cut off at an angle to permit the joist to fall out of the wall (masonry) without damaging the wall;

A

fire cut

130
Q

heavy timber buildings were often built with these in the 19th and 20th centuries; consists of floor girders set in anchor boxes in walls, which allowed girder to slip out of wall easily

A

self releasing floors

131
Q

heavy timer buildings would have wood beams connected to columns using what?

A

post caps

132
Q

if long beams not available, shorter lengths can be what to produce desired length?

A

spliced together with metal connectors

133
Q

a residential structure will usually be designed for a floor load of about how many psf?

A

30-40 psf

134
Q

unless the building is what type construction, there is no provision in the design of the structure to prevent failure due to fire

A

type 1 fire resistive construction cracks

135
Q

you should check for what on exterior walls before entering a structure after defensive or transitional attacks ?

A

for cracks and signs of pulling away from the roof line

136
Q

water weighs approximately how much per gallon?

A

8.34 lbs (3.8 kg) per gallon

137
Q

a 1000 gpm master stream will potentially add more than how many lbs to a building in just 1 minute of operation?

A

more than 8000 lbs or 4 tons of weight

138
Q

if you are breaching a wall and find any evidence that the wall is strengthened at that point, stop and start elsewhere you are likely under what?

A

concentrated load

139
Q

given the wide spread prevalence of plastics and synthetic fuels as part of fire loads it is important to include what as part of criteria in the development of prefire plans?

A

HRR estimates

140
Q

the only time supplying a sprinkler system should be stopped is if you are operating on what?

A

low pressure hydrant grid and sprinkler supply is robbing water pressure needed for attack lines

141
Q

known as firefighter killer, a suspended beams that if fire destroys anchoring connection the beam becomes an undesigned cantilever

A

theater marquee

142
Q

once what limits are reached in a column, there is little reserve strength left and the column is on verge of total collapse; failure of column is likely to occur much more suddenly than the failure of a beam

A

compression stress limits

143
Q

proper way to breach masonry wall is to open what?

A

triangular hole

144
Q

if you are breaching a wall and elements fall apart easily indicating wall is in poor condition you should do what?

A

cease breaching and find another location to force entry

145
Q

the removal of any part of an arch can cause what?

A

collapse of entire arch

146
Q

a load of an arch that is what may cause it to collapse?

A

severely unbalanced load or load outside the center

147
Q

a building with what is designed to collapse inward, without pushing out walls ?

A

fire cut or self releasing floors

148
Q

represents the ratio of strength of material just before failure to the safe working stress

A

safety factor

CGFD (16 decks)

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