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CGFD > Brannigans Building Construction CH.5 Fire Behavior & Building Construction > Flashcards

Brannigans Building Construction CH.5 Fire Behavior & Building Construction Flashcards

1
Q

a rapid oxidation (chemical) reaction that produces heat and visible light

A

fire

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2
Q

4 essential elements to have a fire

A

fuel
oxidizing agent
heat
uninhibited chemical chain reaction

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3
Q

a material that will sustain combustion (a.k.a. reducing agent)

A

fuel

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4
Q

normally atmospheric oxygen, but may also be chemical compounds known as oxidizers that will release oxygen as they react

A

oxidizing agent

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5
Q

form of energy that is the source of ignition

A

heat

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6
Q

sustained oxidation reaction that produces sufficient excess heat to continue heating unburned fuel, making it available for combustion

A

uninhibited chemical chain reaction

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7
Q

dictates how a fire spreads

A

heat transfer

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8
Q

3 methods of heat transfer

A

conduction
convection
radiation

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9
Q

transfer of heat w/in an object or b/w objects through direct contact

A

conduction

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10
Q

transfer of heat through circulation w/in medium such as gas or liquid

A

convection

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11
Q

transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves

A

radiation

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12
Q

a bare steel beam above fire, immersed in hot gases from fire below, receives heat energy through

A

convection

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13
Q

as a beam begins to heat up, heat is transferred w/in beam as well as down length of beam igniting a combustible material (i.e. cardboard box) through

A

conduction

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14
Q

a large, fully involved wood frame multiple dwelling in a row of similar structures may ignite adjacent exposures through

A

thermal radiation

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15
Q

large quantities of radiation applied to a combustible material can cause

A

autoignition

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16
Q

phenomenon in which a combustible material ignites spontaneously w/o application of flame or spark

A

autoignition

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17
Q

ignition of heated combustible material when a flame or spark is applied

A

piloted ignition

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18
Q

vertical spread of fire on exterior of multistory building, from one floor to floor(s) above

A

autoexposure

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19
Q

in autoexposure of fire coming out of window into upper floor, heat is transferred through a combination of

A

radiation and convection

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20
Q

2 way relationship b/w building construction & fire behavior

A

fire influences by building
building reacts to effects of fire

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21
Q

enclosure around a fire; area commonly called a room

A

compartment

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22
Q

4 stages of a fire

A

incipient
free burning
flashover
smoldering/ decay

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23
Q

initial stage of fire after ignition, usually involving single or small # of combustibles

A

incipient

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24
Q

secondary stage of fire in which it spreads to adjacent combustible materials

A

free burning

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25
Q

transition stage in which exposed surfaces w/in compartment ignite simultaneously and fire spreads throughout compartment; results in full room involvement

A

flashover

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26
Q

stage in which glowing combustion takes place. w/o flame

A

smoldering/ decay

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27
Q

fire may be forced into smoldering stage when key components of what are in short supply

A

fire tetrahedron are in short supply (i.e. limited oxygen)

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28
Q

elements of a compartment fire

A

fire plume
smoke
ceiling layer
neutral plane
bi-directional flow

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29
Q

columns of flames

A

fire plume

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30
Q

heated gases rising above burning object

A

smoke

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31
Q

consists of hot, buoyant gases that collect at very top of room

A

ceiling layer

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32
Q

interface b/w hot ceiling layer and the cooler air flowing into compartment

A

neutral plane

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33
Q

movement of cooler air (oxygen) into room and hot gases leaving room from the ceiling layer

A

bi-directional flow

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34
Q

in compartment fire, fresh air drawn into fire from doorway and is drawn into fire itself

A

entrainment

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35
Q

observed in ceiling layer; hot unburned fuel gases, having gathered in sufficient quantities at ceiling layer, suddenly ignited

A

flameover (a.k.a. flashover)

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36
Q

in compartment fire, overwhelming radiant heat from ceiling layer drives the room toward

A

flashover

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37
Q

dictates how the fire burns and grows

A

location and quantity of oxygen to feed fire

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38
Q

if what is cut off or greatly reduced, flaming combustion will likely cease and the fire will begin smoldering

A

oxygen supply

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39
Q

sustained winds accelerate fire and speeds up its spread

A

wind driven fire

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40
Q

in wind driven fire, if winds exceed what mph, their role in driving the fire w/in a building must be considered from a tactical standpoint

A

winds exceeding 10-20 mph

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41
Q

aside from door & window opening supplying o2, other construction factors influencing fire behavior

A

combustible interior finishes or walls
vertical openings
height of fire room
proximity of walls
HVAC

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42
Q

as wood burns and is consumed is loses strength which is important for what members ?

A

load bearing wood member
(no way to determine exactly when a charred wood member under load will fail)

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43
Q

aluminum will melt at around what temp

A

1200F
(649C)

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44
Q

occurs when heated gaseous products of combustion burn when oxygen is introduced into an environment in which oxygen supply has been depleted due to fire; usually occurs w/ explosive force due to increased airtightness of building

A

backdraft

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45
Q

describe the movement of hot fire gases/ smoke from areas of high pressure to low pressure; created when windows or doors are opened by FF’s or fail as a result of fire itself

A

flow path

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46
Q

providing what, allows flow of oxygen into fire compartment and products of combustion to exit compartment, allowing fire to grow in size

A

flow path

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47
Q

flame spread =

A

fire growth

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48
Q

combustible tile ceilings are often suspended below the floor above, creating a void in which what can be generated and stored ?

A

explosive carbon monoxide (CO)

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49
Q

when this gas ignites, it can cause an extremely violent explosion

A

CO (carbon monoxide)

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50
Q

building problem w/ regard to fire growth can be differentiated on its location:

A

hidden
exposed

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51
Q

contents problems w/ regard to fire growth can result from which elements:

A

furnishings
interior finish, including decorations
mercantile stock

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52
Q

flame spread or rapid fire growth can be a problem caused by

A

both building itself and by its contents

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53
Q

in addition to fire growth, what may contribute heavily to fire load and to generation of smoke and toxic by products?

A

high flame spread materials

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54
Q

what is non combustible and combustible in glass fiber reinforced polyester resin plastic?

A

glass fibers = non combustible
plastic = combustible

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55
Q

paper vapor seal on batt-type glass fire insulation leads to a phenomenal rate of what?

A

rate of flame spread

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56
Q

laid in ceilings; must be kept away from light fixtures b/c heat from fixture can ignite paper

A

batt insulation w/ paper facing

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57
Q

older motels are often built w/ back to back rooms; for privacy batt type fiberglass is sometimes installed b/w studs, leaving paper vapor seal on insulation exposed which can be easily ignited by

A

plumbers torch (can spread through corridor and pipe channels)

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58
Q

commonly used as insulating sheathing on wood frame buildings; also used as soundproofing; can support a fire hidden in walls

A

combustible fiberboard

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59
Q

used as sheathing, concealed in cavity walls, or glued to interior surface of masonry wall panels

A

foamed plastic insulation

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60
Q

when foamed plastic insulation is installed, it should be protected from exposure to flame by what?

A

half inch gypsum board covering

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61
Q

in a well developed fire, you can expect a gypsum board to fail causing what to be involved suddenly and explosively as gypsum falls away?

A

foamed plastic

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62
Q

manufactured so that its flame spread is reduced, but can still melt; also lacks dimensional stability

A

foamed plastic

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63
Q

air duct insulation that was commonly installed years ago was usually made of what?

A

hair felt w/ high flame spread

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64
Q

today, air duct insulation used that present little flame spread problem

A

aluminum faced foil (not aluminum faced paper), glass fiber insulation

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65
Q

electrical insulation may be

A

self extinguishing

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66
Q

when electrical wiring is operated at or above its rated capacity, the heat can break down insulation and what can be emitted?

A

flammable gases

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67
Q

large groups of electrical wires can support what?

A

self sustaining ignition

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68
Q

was almost universal finish for ceilings, although some ceilings were also made of embossed steel (tin ceilings) and wooden boards called match boarding

A

lime plaster

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69
Q

does not contribute to fire; absorbs heat slowing progress of fire

A

lime plaster

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70
Q

3 ways in which interior finishes may increase fire hazard

A

-increase fire extension by surface flame spread
-generate smoke & toxic gases
-add fuel to fire, contributing to flashover

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71
Q

commonly sued interior finishes include materials such as=

A

wallboard
wallpaper
lay-in ceiling tile
vinyl wall covering
interior finish items (i.e. carpeting)

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72
Q

in the 1930’s, low-density fiberboard made of what came into use; called bagasse?

A

made of wood fibers or sugar cane residue

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73
Q

when low density fiberboard is sued for sheathing and soundproofing, it is concealed in walls and is commonly ignited by what?

A

plumbers torch

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74
Q

when punched with holes, fiberboard acquires desirable acoustical properties and becomes what?

A

combustible acoustical tile

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75
Q

it has become common practice to install what below acoustical tiles?

A

dropped ceiling below

76
Q

flame spread characteristics of interior finishes are regulated in what?

A

building codes

77
Q

used in variety of applications in building construction, including to secure roof surfaces, onsite assembly of prefabricated modular units, and to connect plastic pipes

A

adhesives

78
Q

manufactured to very high density; selected for radiation shielding; regarded fire safe

A

high density fiberboard

79
Q

when punched w/ holes, high density fiberboard is called what?

A

pegboard

80
Q

one manufacturer (Masonite Corp) produces such hardboard (pegboard) w/ very low what?

A

very low flame spread rating

81
Q

used to protect finished lumbar; has a high flame spread rating

A

reinforced bituminous-impregnated paper

82
Q

the unexposed side of plywood or any wood paneling can burn unobserved & protected from fire dept streams, that is why it is not sufficient to correct exposed surfaces by applying what?

A

applying a flame retardant surface treatment

83
Q

although standard for installation of sprinklers allows for omission of sprinklers in concealed void spaces w/ such combustible surfaces, in “fully” sprinklered buildings, what treatment are no substitute for exposed plywood surfaces in rooms and other open areas?

A

flame retardant surface treatment

84
Q

used as interior finish in may house

A

rigid foamed polyurethane

85
Q

Robertson protected metal =

A

asphalt coated steel

86
Q

loss of 6 FF’s in Worcester Cold Storage warehouse in Massach. in 1999 was due to rapid fire spread across what?

A

interior surfaces of building

87
Q

carpeting installed on wall must be tested for what?

A

tested for flame spread and compliance w/ building and fire codes

88
Q

when carpeting has been installed on walls, it must be removed if carpeting has not achieved what?

A

appropriate interior finish rating

89
Q

form void spaces in which fire can burn undetected until fire bursts out furiously

A

suspended ceilings of combustible tile

90
Q

beware: tip of fire iceberg =

A

light smoke showing

91
Q

codes require installation of new ceilings that meet what?

A

flame spread requirements

92
Q

codes do not require what when installing new ceilings?

A

do not require removal of old ceiling

93
Q

when new fire rated ceiling is installed in remodeled building, what is most likely left above ceiling?

A

old ceiling, dangerous and combustible

94
Q

fire can spread quickly above what type of ceiling?

A

tin ceiling

95
Q

effective August 1990, new aircrafts have to meet stricter what from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)?

A

standards for fire and heat resistance

96
Q

in open plan officers, restrictions on flame spread in codes are typically strictest and less strict for what?

A

strictest for corridors
less strict for rooms off corridors

97
Q

if there is no wall, there is no room=

A

all corridor

98
Q

strict interpretation of what includes the provision that they be enclosed, w/ rated walls and doors

A

corridors

99
Q

from a fire prevention perspective, what are 2 things difficult to control

A

decorations (usually hanging) & contents (like furniture)

100
Q

a light bulb of how many watts can ignite cotton?

A

100 watt bulb

101
Q

foamed polyurethane samples have ignited after how much time of application of flame from a butane lighter

A

1 sec

102
Q

have replaced much wood, cotton, wool, and other material that use to make up furniture and contents

A

solid and foamed plastics

103
Q

formerly known as National Bureau of Standards (NBS)

A

Fire Research Division of NIST

104
Q

test no.14 consisted of a room 10x15 and furniture consisted of sofa, upholstered love seat, 1 ottoman (foam rubber) , 2 end tables, coffee table 2 bookcases, ceiling tiles (wood fiber w/ flame spread rate of 200), plywood walls resulted with what type of fire after 4 & 6 minutes of ignition

A

4 minutes: fire pouring out of doorway
6 minutes: average gas temp was reported at 1300F (700C)

105
Q

several possible approaches to control problem of fast fire growth

A
  1. eliminate high flame spread surfaces
  2. separate materials from source of combustion
  3. cut off extension of fire
  4. coat materials
106
Q

U.S. mercantile ships took path of eliminating what

A

eliminating high flame spread surfaces

107
Q

U.S. merchant ships severely limit what

A

limit combustibility of construction materials and surface finishes

108
Q

ships that contain combustible trim and veneer rely on what

A

fire suppression from automatic sprinklers

109
Q

defective ballast in fluorescent fixtures can reach temperatures of

A

1500F (816C)

110
Q

some codes require a what to separate more flammable carpeting from less flammable carpeting (i.e. motel carpet on floor separate in corridors)

A

metal door sill

111
Q

materials can be painted w/ what (does not make it “flameproof”)

A

fire retardant coating

112
Q

effective only if applied as specified

A

fire retardant surface coating

113
Q

often used where a wood surface is desired and flame spread requirements must be met

A

pressure treated fire retardant wood

114
Q

wooden materials can also be formulated to be

A

flame resistant

115
Q

plastics can be manufactured to be more

A

flame resistant

116
Q

more significant than thermal exposure in deaths from fire

A

smoke and toxic gases

117
Q

provides first warning of most fires

A

smoke

118
Q

can do more damage to property than fire or water, may reduce visibility, irritating particles can cause retching and immobility

A

smoke

119
Q

generic term used to describe airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases produced by a fire

A

smoke

120
Q

solid particulate, that give smoke its opaqueness is typically what

A

carbon

121
Q

liquid particulates typically in smoke

A

acrolein and halogen acids

122
Q

gases typically in smoke

A

CO, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and carbon dioxide

123
Q

can paralyze or slow ability of human function or escape; more prevalent toxic fire gas

A

CO

124
Q

for most toxic materials, the toxic effect is a product of what

A

concentration and exposure time

125
Q

Habers rules states that any exposure in which concentration (in PPM) x minutes exposed equals what is likely to be dangerous

A

33,000

126
Q

NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, a 10 minute exposure of what would be hazardous, possible incapacitating

A

to 3500 ppm of CO

127
Q

concentration of how many PPM of CO would be fatal after only a few breaths

A

12,500 ppm

128
Q

other fire gases such as nitric acid and hydrochloric acid can be

A

toxic, and in sufficient dosage lethal

129
Q

deadly nitrous oxide gas usually emitted from fire found in film storage (x-ray) of clinic or from test tubes for blood test

A

nitrocellulose

130
Q

was used for commercial motion pictures; fire codes still regulate it

A

nitrocellulose based film

131
Q

an effective electrical insulator that has become indispensable as a contemporary material; when it burns it emits toxic gases

A

polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

132
Q

flammable gas; when ignited in confined area wide range of overpressures can result

A

CO

133
Q

a gas that ignites when sufficient oxygen is available; can be caused by gas trapped in a void or pocket and simply “lights up”

A

CO

134
Q

gases from polyurethane can

A

explode

135
Q

research at NIST has pointed out that generation of CO can be up to how many times greater in enclosed voids as in the open

A

50 times greater

136
Q

does not prevent CO explosion; gas-air mixture can still pocket in a fully or partially enclosed location

A

ventilation of building

137
Q

filter mask were dangerous b/c they removed solid particles but allowed what through?

A

odorless CO

138
Q

this odorless, colorless, and tasteless gas can stratify well above the fire, on floors where there is little or no smoke, heat or air movement

A

CO

139
Q

smoke particles can plug up screens, which can be a problem in which location (used on windows to prevent contraband)

A

prison

140
Q

often considered the most expensive by product of fire suppression

A

water damage

141
Q

cost of cleanup can be astronomical if smoke is contaminated with this health hazard

A

radioactive material or polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)

142
Q

easiest control of health hazard of contamination

A

keep people away

143
Q

b/c loss of use of property can be very costly and cleanup can be prohibitive, it is sometimes less expensive to what a property that has been contaminated?

A

abandon the property

144
Q

PCB’s were used as nonflammable coolants in

A

transformers

145
Q

delicate equipment as well as brickwork and concrete can be damaged or destroyed by corrosive products of

A

combustion

146
Q

plastics containing halogens such as chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine form corrosive acids when combined w/ what

A

hydrogen or oxygen or moisture in air

147
Q

most common extinguishing agent

A

water

148
Q

absorbs heat and cools fuel below its ignition temperature so it is not giving off fumes

A

water

149
Q

what type of large fire can take a long time to burn itself out

A

magnesium fire

150
Q

in a fire, hose streams must be applied where on exposure to remove heat

A

directly on exposure

151
Q

simply placing a stream b/w buildings will not stop what and it will go straight through

A

stop radiant heat

152
Q

ceilings layer gases must be vented or cooled or they will

A

ignite

153
Q

3 issues of “thermal balance”

A
  1. you have good visibility below neutral plane
  2. soon as nozzle open up into ceiling, thermal layer is stirred and visibility is lost
  3. you create steam
154
Q

modern bunker gear can withstand temperatures above

A

220F (104C)

155
Q

protecting the neutral plane is a plus if you can ventilate but if you cannot or ventilation is going to be delayed you must do what to ceiling gases?

A

must cool ceiling fire gases below their ignition temperatures with water

156
Q

maybe your last warning sign before flashover

A

flameover (rollover)

157
Q

fire is always looking for path of

A

least resistance

158
Q

trailer mounted what are becoming more popular for ventilating big box stores

A

mobile ventilation units (MVU)

159
Q

depending on wind speed and cubic feet per min (cfm) capacity of the MVU, you might be able to overpower and reverse what?

A

overpower wind currents and reverse effects of wind driven fire

160
Q

if using MVU is not possible in helping stop a wind driven fire, then the wind driven fire will not stop until it meets a

A

fire rated barrier

161
Q

when attacking a a wind driven fire from floor above, using this appliance that is 2.5 in and can throw 260-290 gpm can be inserted through a hole cut in floor

A

Bresnan distributor nozzle

162
Q

in a wind driven fire, what can be lashed to an attic ladder and inserted from floor below if there are no concrete floors

A

Bresnan nozzle

163
Q

in a wind driven fire and cant be controlled, protect doors to stairwells, write off fire floor and concentrate firefighting efforts to

A

floor above fire

164
Q

in a wind driven fire if concentrating on floor above fire you should

A

-“flow the floor” keep everything wet
-remove all fire load away from windows and exterior walls
-watch for smoke and fire extension through HVAC, shafts, or other poke-through holes

165
Q

in a wind driven fire when flowing the floor of floor above fire there should be standing water especially if it has

A

carpet

166
Q

aluminum will melt at approximately what temp

A

1200F (649C)
(good # to know since most ground ladders and aerials are of aluminum)

167
Q

aluminum anneals (starts to lose its rated strength) when exposed to prolonged heat of

A

350F (177C) or higher

168
Q

fire will take path of least resistance, using what will help located hidden fire by pressurizing space and accelerate the burn by introducing forced oxygen rich air

A

PPV

169
Q

when overcrowded patrons are trying to escape, it is best to do what to doors versus using wedges (b/c they can be kicked out easily)

A

tie door off or make existing exits larger by removing doors

170
Q

space SCBA bottle, face piece, and regulator that is carried in a special bag that is specifically designed for rapid intervention emergencies when a firefighter is trapped

A

Rescue Air Kit (RAK)

171
Q

what can be considered when facing insulation fire in floors, walls and ceilings; insulation fires tend to smolder for hours

A

piercing nozzle

172
Q

when entering a below grade, confined space for rescue check the oxygen percentage before entering the space by

A

lowering gas detector on tag line to check for CO and oxygen deficient atmospheres

173
Q

in an overhead void space, what levels must be determined b/c they can explode under right conditions

A

CO levels

174
Q

in an overhead void space, if we had smokE conditions we know what was generated

A

CO

175
Q

an activated sprinkler head is an indirect

A

offensive attack

176
Q

if you look at sprinkler system in any hotel room, it resembles a what; plumbing is inserted through wall

A

piercing nozzle

177
Q

ARFF stands for

A

Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting

178
Q

ARFF does not take a defensive approach if

A

passengers aboard

179
Q

Snozzle and fuselage w/ piercing nozzle introduces sprinkler system into a cabin used by

A

ARFF

180
Q

when flowing the floor you should keep exposed fuel

A

wet

181
Q

a crew going up to investigate a fire alarm should always have a

A

2.5 gal pressurized water extinguisher

182
Q

CO levels in a building need to be checked from

A

top floor down to bottom floor

183
Q

only method by which FF’s can expel CO from building

A

ventilation

184
Q

aside from removing smoke from a building PPV can also help with

A

-introduction of fresh air
-create more survivable atmosphere
-cools environment
-dilutes products of combustion
-helps spread water vapor created from hose streams
-changes direction of smoke & fire (tactical perspective)

185
Q

effective what can make the fire behavior

A

ventilation

186
Q

most important factor is often oxygen supply; location and quantity of oxygen needed to feed fire will dictate how

A

fire burns and grows

CGFD (16 decks)

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