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Body Systems Y1 > Body Systems L7 > Flashcards

Body Systems L7 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of the heart?

A
  • Cone shaped

- Muscular pump.

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2
Q

Location of the heart?

A
  • Thorax -> mediastinum (between lungs)
  • Protected -> rib cage -> between ribs 2-5
  • Behind the sternum
  • Left of midline
  • Apex -> 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line.
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3
Q

What 2 structures work alongside heart?

A
  • Fibrous Pericardium

* Serous pericardium

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4
Q

Functions of the Fibrous pericardium?

A
  • Prevents overfilling of heart

- Anchors position

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5
Q

Characteristics of the fibrous pericardium?

A
  • Inelastic sac -> dense tissue
  • Inferior fusion -> diaphragm
  • Superior infusion -> large vessels
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6
Q

Functions of the Serous pericardium?

A

 Prevents friction.

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7
Q

Characteristics of the Serous pericardium?

A
  • Double-layered serous membrane

- Lies -> deep within -> fibrous pericardium

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8
Q

What are the three components of the serous pericardium?

A
  1. Parietal pericardium
  2. Visceral pericardium
  3. Pericardial cavity
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9
Q

Characteristics of the Parietal pericardium?

A

 Lines inner surface -> fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

Characteristics of the Visceral pericardium?

A

 Tightly adhered -> surface of heart

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11
Q

Characteristics of the Pericardial cavity?

A

 Space between parietal & visceral layers

-> Contains tissue fluid.

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12
Q

What are the names of the three layers of the heart, and what are they composed of?

A 
i)	Endocardium:
	Inner layer -> Endothelium
ii)	Myocardium:
	Middle layer -> Cardiac muscle
iii)	Epicardium:
	Outer layer -> Visceral pericardium
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13
Q

Outline Blood flow through heart.

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood from body tissues
    - > Superior & Inferior vena cava -> right atrium
    2. Right atrium
    - > Tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve -> right ventricle.
    3. Right ventricle
    - > Pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk & arteries.
    4. Pulmonary trunk & arteries
    - > Lungs -> Oxygenated -> Pulmonary veins.
    5. Pulmonary veins
    - > Left atrium
    6. Left atrium
    - > Bicuspid (mitral/left atrioventricular valve) -> Left ventricle
    7. Left ventricle
    - > Aortic semilunar valve -> aorta.
    8. Aorta
    - > Body tissues.
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14
Q

What is the ventricular septum?

A

 Muscular tissue -> dividing heart -> right & left ventricles

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15
Q

What is the apex?

A

 Pointed end of heart

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16
Q

State the differing characteristic between the left & right ventricles. Explain why this difference occurs.

A

• Left ventricular walls
 Much thicker than right ventricular walls
Requires strong muscular walls -> sufficient pressure -> pump blood around body.

17
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton, what is it’s function and where is it located?

A

• Fibrous Skeleton:

  • Bands -> fibrous connective tissue -> Between atria and ventricles.
  • Electrically separates atria & ventricles.
  • Surrounds pulmonary trunk, semilunar & atrioventricular valves.
18
Q

What is the function of heart valves?

A

 Prevent backflow of blood

19
Q

Name the atrioventricular valves

A
  • Tricuspid (Right AV) valve

- Bicuspid/mitral (Left AV) valve

20
Q

Name the semilunar valves

A
  • Pulmonary

- Aortic

21
Q

Describe the AV valves

A

Atrioventricular:
- Tricuspid (Right AV) valve
- Bicuspid/mitral (Left AV) valve
 Between atria & ventricles
 Open -> blood flow -> atria to ventricles
 Anchored -> Chordae tendinae to papillary muscles.
 When ventricular pressure < atrial pressure
 Valve opens -> loose chordae tendinae
 When ventricular pressure > atrial pressure
Valve begins to close -> pulls chordae tendinae -> papillary muscle contracts -> prevents inversion of valve -> backflow of blood.

22
Q

Describe the Semilunar valves

A

 Guard entrances -> aorta & pulmonary trunk
 Open -> force of blood -> contraction of ventricles
 Bloodflow -> backwards -> aorta & pulmonary trunk -> ventricular relaxation
Accumulates in cusps -> shut.
 Prevent backflow of blood -> ventricles.

23
Q

Where is the blood of coronary circulation delivered to in the heart? Describe what must occur for this.

A
  • 250ml/min blood

Delivered -> myocardium -> ventricular relaxation

24
Q

Name the types of

Left coronary artery (LCA)

A

Anterior interventricular

Circumflex

25
Q

Name the types of

Right coronary artery (RCA)

A

Marginal artery

Posterior interventricular

26
Q

Where do most cardiac veins drain & where does this empty?

A
  • Most cardiac veins -> drain -> coronary sinus

Empties -> right atrium

27
Q

What are the other types of cardiac vein (besides most common) and where do they empty?

A
  • Anterior cardiac veins -> drain directly -> right atrium.
28
Q

What is angiography?

A
  • Medical imaging technique

Examines patency (diameter length) of vessels.

29
Q

What is the function of the conducting system & what is it comprised of?
What are the function of each of these components & where are they found?

A

 Sinoatrial (SA) node
 Atrioventricular (AV) node
 AV bundle (Bundle of His)
 Purkinje fibres

30
Q

What is an electrocardiogram?

A

• Electrocardiogram (ECG)

- Records electrical activity -> heart.

31
Q

Where does the placenta obtain oxygen & nutrients from?

A

Umbilical vein

32
Q

Why are there 3 shortcuts in foetal cardiac cycles? Name each of these shortcuts.

A 
-	Bypasses non-functional lungs
 3 shortcuts:
i)	Ductus venosus 
ii)	Foramen ovale 
iii)	Ductus arteriosus
.
33
Q

What is the Ductus venosus?

A

A shortcut in the foetal circulatory system between

Umbilical vein -> inferior vena cava

34
Q

What is the Foramen ovale?

A

A shortcut in the foetal circulatory system between

Right -> left atria

35
Q

What is the Ductus arteriosus

A

A shortcut in the foetal circulatory system between

Pulmonary trunk -> arch of aorta.

36
Q

Outline the cardiac cycle of a placental foetus?

A

. Superior & Inferior vena cava -> right atrium
2. Right atrium
-> Tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve -> right ventricle.
&
-> Foramen ovale -> left atria
3. Right ventricle
-> Pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk & arteries.
4. Pulmonary trunk & arteries
-> Lungs -> Pulmonary veins.
&
-> Ductus arteriosus -> arch of aorta
5. Pulmonary veins
-> Left atrium
6. Left atrium
-> Bicuspid (mitral/left atrioventricular valve) -> Left ventricle
7. Left ventricle
-> Aortic semilunar valve -> aorta.
8. Aorta
-> Body tissues.

37
Q

What changes occur during birth of placental foetus regarding the circulatory system?
What happens as a result of these changes?

A
  1. Newborn takes 1st breath
    - Lungs expand
     Blood rushes into pulmonary circulation
    O2 levels rise
    Constricts ductus arteriosus
     Less blood from pulmonary trunk -> aorta
    » Ductus arteriosus -> Ligamentum arteriosum
  • Pressure -> Left atrium -> incr.
    Foramen ovale closes
     Fossa ovalis
    » Foramen ovale -> Fossa ovalis
  • Umbilical cord tied
    Umbilical vessels close
     Ductus venosus fibrosis.
    » Ductus venosus -> Ligamentum venosum.
38
Q

State the 3 changes in structure that occur between a foetal placenta and adult mammal in regards to circulatory system,

A

Ductus arteriosus -> Ligamentum arteriosum
Foramen ovale -> Fossa ovalis
Ductus venosus -> Ligamentum venosum.

Body Systems Y1 (22 decks)

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