- Ribs:  Differ -> shape & size  Slope downwards & forwards  Attached by head & tubercle -> thoracic vertebrae  Ribs 1-10 attached by costal cartilage -> sternum

Body Systems L17 Notes Flashcards by Jade Benita McLaughlin

What are the main features of the lungs in relation to their location etc.?

 Main features:

2 lungs
Located -> Thoracic cavity
Separated by mediastinum
Extend from neck -> diaphragm

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Outline the gross anatomy of the lungs

 Gross Anatomy:

Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Right & Left Lungs

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Outline the structure of the lungs

 Structure:
- Conical shaped structures
- Soft, spongy texture
- Each lung contains:
 Apex (top, tip of lung)
 3 surfaces
 Diaphragmatic (basal surafce)
 Costal (outside-facing surface)
 Mediastinal (inside surface -> facing other lung)

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Describe the directional charcateristics / surfaces of each lung

Each lung has:
 Apex (top, tip of lung)
 3 surfaces
 Diaphragmatic (basal surafce)
 Costal (outside-facing surface)
 Mediastinal (inside surface -> facing other lung)

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Describe the hilium of the lungs

Hilum of lung:
 Located -> mediastinal surface
Region of entry -> lungs for blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves & bronchi.

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Describe the physical properties of the lungs

Physical Properties:
 Compliance (Distensibility)
 Ability to expand
 Affected by
-> Connective tissue structure of lungs
-> Level of surfactant
-> Mobility of thoracic cage
 Elasticity
 Enables ; Expansion of lungs -> inspiration
Recoil -> expiration

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Describe the characteristics of the Pleura

-	Pleura
	Double-layered
	Serous membrane 
	Components / structures:
Visceral pleura 
      -> Adheres to lung
 Parietal pleura
      -> Attaches to thoracic wall &amp; diaphragm
 Pleural cavity 
      -> Potential space 
      -> Thin layer of serous fluid
* Visceral pleura -> inner layer &amp; pleural -> outer.

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Name the structures / components of the pleura

Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity

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Describe the Visceral pleura

Visceral pleura

-> Adheres to lung

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Describe the Parietal pleura

 Parietal pleura

-> Attaches to thoracic wall & diaphragm

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Describe the pleural cavity

 Pleural cavity

  - > Potential space 
  - > Thin layer of serous fluid

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Describe the location of the visceral & parietal pleura in relation to one another

Visceral pleura -> inner layer & pleural -> outer.

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Describe the functions of the pleura

	Functions:
 Reduces friction during breathing
Creates pressure gradient 
    -> Assists in ventilation.
 Compartmentalises each lung
     -> Reduces spread of infection

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Describe what the bony thorax forms part of and describe it’s components

-	Bony Thorax:
	Forms skeleton of chest wall
	Components:
 12 pairs ribs
    -> 7 true pairs
    -> 3 false pairs
    -> 2 floating
 12 thoracic vertebrae
 Sternum

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Describe what the sternum is and name its components

-	Sternum:
	Breast bone
	Components:
 Manubrium 
 Body 
 Xipisternum

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Describe the ribs

Ribs:
 Differ -> shape & size
 Slope downwards & forwards
 Attached by head & tubercle -> thoracic vertebrae
 Ribs 1-10 attached by costal cartilage -> sternum

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Describe the thoracic vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae:
 Head of rib articulates with body of thoracic vertebra
 Tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process of thoracic vertebra

Describe the intercostal muscles

Intercostal muscles:
 Span intercostal spaces
 External intercostals
 Superficial layer
 Fibres run supero-lateral to infero-medial
-> Tubercles to costochondral junction -> (Downward-diagonally from
shoulder to core - / )
 Internal intercostals
 Middle layer
 Fibres run infero-lateral to supero-medial
-> At angles to ends of intercostal spaces. -> (Upward-diagonally from
hip to core - \ )
 Innermost intercostals
 Innermost layer

Describe the External intercostals

 External intercostals
 Superficial layer
 Fibres run supero-lateral to infero-medial
-> Tubercles to costochondral junction -> (Downward-diagonally from
shoulder to core - / )

Describe the internal intercostals

 Internal intercostals
 Middle layer
 Fibres run infero-lateral to supero-medial
-> At angles to ends of intercostal spaces. -> (Upward-diagonally from
hip to core - \ )

Describe the intercostal vessels & nerves

Intercostal Vessels & Nerves:
 Intercostal spaces
 Supply muscles. Adjacent skin & pleura.

Describe the diaphragm

-	Diaphragm:
	Dome shaped-skeletal muscle with central tendon
	Attached: 
 Xiphisternum
 Costal Margin
 11th &amp; 12th ribs
 Left &amp; Right Crus 
      -> Arise -> Lumbar vertebrae
	Innervated -> phrenic nerve
	Most important muscle -> ventilation. 
	Structures / components:
 Skeletal muscle -> outside 
 Centrally-placed tendon 
    -> No body attachments
	Openings:
 Inferior vena cava (T8)
 Oesophagus (T10)
 Abdominal aorta (T12)
	Fibrous pericardium fused -> central tendon.

What structures is the diaphragm attached to?

	Attached: 
 Xiphisternum
 Costal Margin
 11th &amp; 12th ribs
 Left &amp; Right Crus 
      -> Arise -> Lumbar vertebrae

What is the diaphragm innervated by?

 Innervated -> phrenic nerve

Describe the components of the diapragm

 Structures / components:  Skeletal muscle -> outside  Centrally-placed tendon -> No body attachments

What openings are present on the diaphragm?

 Openings:  Inferior vena cava (T8)  Oesophagus (T10)  Abdominal aorta (T12)

What is the fibrous pericardium fused to?

 Fibrous pericardium fused -> central tendon.

What is fused to the central tendon?

 Fibrous pericardium fused -> central tendon.

What does the diaphragm separate?

• Diaphragm: | - Separates thoracic & abdominal cavities.

What muscles act upon the thoracic wall?

• Muscles acting on thoracic wall: - Diaphragm - Pectoralis Major - Pectoralis Minor - Serratus Anterior - Sternocleidomastoid - Scalenes

Describe the characteristics of the right lung

``` • Right Lung: - Wider - Shorter - 3 lobes  Superior (upper lobe)  Middle  Inferior (lower lobe) - 2 fissures  Oblique  Horizontal ```

How many lobes does the right lung have? Name them

- 3 lobes  Superior (upper lobe)  Middle  Inferior (lower lobe)

How many fissured does the right lung have? Name them

- 2 fissures  Oblique  Horizontal

How many lobes does the left lung have? Name them

- 2 lobes  Superior (upper lobe)  Inferior (lower lobe)

How many lobes does the left lung have? Name them

- 1 fissure |  Oblique

Describe the difference between the right & left lungs

• Right Lung: - Wider - Shorter - 3 lobes - 2 fissures • Left Lung: - Narrower - Longer - 2 lobes - 1 fissure

What is the distensibility of the lungs affected by?

 Affected by - > Connective tissue structure of lungs - > Level of surfactant - > Mobility of thoracic cage

What is the name of the basal surface of the lung?

Diaphragmatic

What is the name of the outer-facing surface of the lung?

Costal

What is the name of the inner-facing surface of the lung?

Mediastina