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Body Systems Y1 > Body Systems L17 Notes > Flashcards

Body Systems L17 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main features of the lungs in relation to their location etc.?

A

 Main features:

  • 2 lungs
  • Located -> Thoracic cavity
  • Separated by mediastinum
  • Extend from neck -> diaphragm
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2
Q

Outline the gross anatomy of the lungs

A

 Gross Anatomy:

  • Trachea
  • Primary Bronchi
  • Right & Left Lungs
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3
Q

Outline the structure of the lungs

A

 Structure:
- Conical shaped structures
- Soft, spongy texture
- Each lung contains:
 Apex (top, tip of lung)
 3 surfaces
 Diaphragmatic (basal surafce)
 Costal (outside-facing surface)
 Mediastinal (inside surface -> facing other lung)

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4
Q

Describe the directional charcateristics / surfaces of each lung

A
  • Each lung has:
     Apex (top, tip of lung)
     3 surfaces
     Diaphragmatic (basal surafce)
     Costal (outside-facing surface)
     Mediastinal (inside surface -> facing other lung)
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5
Q

Describe the hilium of the lungs

A
  • Hilum of lung:
     Located -> mediastinal surface
    Region of entry -> lungs for blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves & bronchi.
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6
Q

Describe the physical properties of the lungs

A
  • Physical Properties:
     Compliance (Distensibility)
     Ability to expand
     Affected by
    -> Connective tissue structure of lungs
    -> Level of surfactant
    -> Mobility of thoracic cage
     Elasticity
     Enables ; Expansion of lungs -> inspiration
    Recoil -> expiration
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7
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Pleura

A 
-	Pleura
	Double-layered
	Serous membrane 
	Components / structures:
Visceral pleura 
      -> Adheres to lung
 Parietal pleura
      -> Attaches to thoracic wall & diaphragm
 Pleural cavity 
      -> Potential space 
      -> Thin layer of serous fluid
* Visceral pleura -> inner layer & pleural -> outer.
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8
Q

Name the structures / components of the pleura

A

Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity

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9
Q

Describe the Visceral pleura

A

Visceral pleura

-> Adheres to lung

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10
Q

Describe the Parietal pleura

A

 Parietal pleura

-> Attaches to thoracic wall & diaphragm

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11
Q

Describe the pleural cavity

A

 Pleural cavity

  - > Potential space 
  - > Thin layer of serous fluid
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12
Q

Describe the location of the visceral & parietal pleura in relation to one another

A
  • Visceral pleura -> inner layer & pleural -> outer.
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13
Q

Describe the functions of the pleura

A 
	Functions:
 Reduces friction during breathing
Creates pressure gradient 
    -> Assists in ventilation.
 Compartmentalises each lung
     -> Reduces spread of infection
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14
Q

Describe what the bony thorax forms part of and describe it’s components

A 
-	Bony Thorax:
	Forms skeleton of chest wall
	Components:
 12 pairs ribs
    -> 7 true pairs
    -> 3 false pairs
    -> 2 floating
 12 thoracic vertebrae
 Sternum
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15
Q

Describe what the sternum is and name its components

A 
-	Sternum:
	Breast bone
	Components:
 Manubrium 
 Body 
 Xipisternum
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16
Q

Describe the ribs

A
  • Ribs:
     Differ -> shape & size
     Slope downwards & forwards
     Attached by head & tubercle -> thoracic vertebrae
     Ribs 1-10 attached by costal cartilage -> sternum
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17
Q

Describe the thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Thoracic Vertebrae:
     Head of rib articulates with body of thoracic vertebra
     Tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process of thoracic vertebra
18
Q

Describe the intercostal muscles

A
  • Intercostal muscles:
     Span intercostal spaces
     External intercostals
     Superficial layer
     Fibres run supero-lateral to infero-medial
    -> Tubercles to costochondral junction -> (Downward-diagonally from
    shoulder to core - / )
     Internal intercostals
     Middle layer
     Fibres run infero-lateral to supero-medial
    -> At angles to ends of intercostal spaces. -> (Upward-diagonally from
    hip to core - \ )
     Innermost intercostals
     Innermost layer
19
Q

Describe the External intercostals

A

 External intercostals
 Superficial layer
 Fibres run supero-lateral to infero-medial
-> Tubercles to costochondral junction -> (Downward-diagonally from
shoulder to core - / )

20
Q

Describe the internal intercostals

A

 Internal intercostals
 Middle layer
 Fibres run infero-lateral to supero-medial
-> At angles to ends of intercostal spaces. -> (Upward-diagonally from
hip to core - \ )

21
Q

Describe the intercostal vessels & nerves

A
  • Intercostal Vessels & Nerves:
     Intercostal spaces
     Supply muscles. Adjacent skin & pleura.
22
Q

Describe the diaphragm

A 
-	Diaphragm:
	Dome shaped-skeletal muscle with central tendon
	Attached: 
 Xiphisternum
 Costal Margin
 11th & 12th ribs
 Left & Right Crus 
      -> Arise -> Lumbar vertebrae
	Innervated -> phrenic nerve
	Most important muscle -> ventilation. 
	Structures / components:
 Skeletal muscle -> outside 
 Centrally-placed tendon 
    -> No body attachments
	Openings:
 Inferior vena cava (T8)
 Oesophagus (T10)
 Abdominal aorta (T12)
	Fibrous pericardium fused -> central tendon.
23
Q

What structures is the diaphragm attached to?

A 
	Attached: 
 Xiphisternum
 Costal Margin
 11th & 12th ribs
 Left & Right Crus 
      -> Arise -> Lumbar vertebrae
24
Q

What is the diaphragm innervated by?

A

 Innervated -> phrenic nerve

25
Q

Describe the components of the diapragm

A

 Structures / components:
 Skeletal muscle -> outside
 Centrally-placed tendon
-> No body attachments

26
Q

What openings are present on the diaphragm?

A

 Openings:
 Inferior vena cava (T8)
 Oesophagus (T10)
 Abdominal aorta (T12)

27
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium fused to?

A

 Fibrous pericardium fused -> central tendon.

28
Q

What is fused to the central tendon?

A

 Fibrous pericardium fused -> central tendon.

29
Q

What does the diaphragm separate?

A

• Diaphragm:

- Separates thoracic & abdominal cavities.

30
Q

What muscles act upon the thoracic wall?

A

• Muscles acting on thoracic wall:

  • Diaphragm
  • Pectoralis Major
  • Pectoralis Minor
  • Serratus Anterior
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Scalenes
31
Q

Describe the characteristics of the right lung

A 
•	Right Lung:
-	Wider 
-	Shorter
-	3 lobes 
	Superior       (upper lobe)
	Middle 
	Inferior          (lower lobe)
-	2 fissures
	Oblique
	Horizontal
32
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have? Name them

A
  • 3 lobes
     Superior (upper lobe)
     Middle
     Inferior (lower lobe)
33
Q

How many fissured does the right lung have? Name them

A
  • 2 fissures
     Oblique
     Horizontal
34
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have? Name them

A
  • 2 lobes
     Superior (upper lobe)
     Inferior (lower lobe)
35
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have? Name them

A
  • 1 fissure

 Oblique

36
Q

Describe the difference between the right & left lungs

A

• Right Lung:

  • Wider
  • Shorter
  • 3 lobes
  • 2 fissures

• Left Lung:

  • Narrower
  • Longer
  • 2 lobes
  • 1 fissure
37
Q

What is the distensibility of the lungs affected by?

A

 Affected by

- > Connective tissue structure of lungs
- > Level of surfactant
- > Mobility of thoracic cage
38
Q

What is the name of the basal surface of the lung?

A

Diaphragmatic

39
Q

What is the name of the outer-facing surface of the lung?

40
Q

What is the name of the inner-facing surface of the lung?

A

Mediastina

Body Systems Y1 (22 decks)

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