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Body Systems Y1 > Body Systems L10 Notes > Flashcards

Body Systems L10 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

How many blood group systems are there?

A
  • 35 blood group systems -> International society of Blood Transfusion
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2
Q

Name the most prominent blood group systems

A
  • ABO & Rh [D] blood group systems -> most clinical significance
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3
Q

What are characteristics of all blood types?

A
  • Genetically determined

- Antigens on RBC membrane

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4
Q

Name the types of blood groups in the ABO blood group:

A

Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O

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5
Q

Describe the surface antigens & antibodies of blood type A

A

Surface antigen A

Anti-B antibodies

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6
Q

Describe the surface antigens & antibodies of blood type B

A

Surface antigen B

Anti-A antibodies

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7
Q

Describe the surface antigens & antibodies of blood type AB

A

Surface antigens A & B

Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

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8
Q

Describe the surface antigens & antibodies of blood type O

A

Neither surface antigen A or B

Anti-A & anti-B antibodies

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9
Q

Name the blood types in the Rh [D] blood group

A

 Rh [D] +ve

 Rh [D] -ve

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10
Q

What type of antigens are found on Rh [D} +ve blood type?

A

D antigen present

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11
Q

What type of antigens are found on Rh [D} -ve blood type?

A

D antigen absent

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12
Q

What does the interaction between surface antigens & opposing antibodies cause?

A

• Surface antigens & opposing antibodies -> Agglutination (clumping) & haemolysis

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13
Q

Describe the heritability of ABO blood group types

A
  • A & B -> dominant

- O -> recessive

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14
Q

Describe the phenotype, genotypes, antigens, naturally occurring antibodies & UK frequency of Blood group O

A

 Phenotype: O -> Genotype: OO -> Antigens: O

-> Naturally occurring antibodies: Anti-A & anti-B -> UK freq.: 46%

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15
Q

Describe the phenotype, genotypes, antigens, naturally occurring antibodies & UK frequency of Blood group A

A

Phenotype: A -> Genotype: AA / AO -> Antigens: A

-> Naturally occurring antibodies: Anti-B -> UK freq.: 42%

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16
Q

Describe the phenotype, genotypes, antigens, naturally occurring antibodies & UK frequency of Blood group B

A

Phenotype: B -> Genotype: BB / BO -> Antigens: B

-> Naturally occurring antibodies: Anti-A -> UK freq.: 9%

17
Q

Describe the phenotype, genotypes, antigens, naturally occurring antibodies & UK frequency of Blood group AB

A

Phenotype: AB -> Genotype: AB -> Antigens: AB

-> Naturally occurring antibodies: None -> UK freq.: 3%

18
Q

Describe whether antigens are present in both types of Rh [D] Blood group

A
  • Rh -ve -> Antigen present

- Rh +ve -> Antigen absent

19
Q

Describe the how antibodies of Rh [D] -ve are obtained

A

> > Rh -ve -> does not usually contain anti-Rh [D] antibodies >Requires sensitisation -> exposure -> Rh +ve RBCs
Transfusion
Pregnancy/ birth
->Rh -ve mother & Rh +ve baby
->Haemolytic disease -> newborn -> HDN

20
Q

Describe global blood type distribution

A

• Global blood type distribution:

  • English: O & A -dominant ; AB & B -uncommon
  • SE Asians: O & B -dominant ; A & AB -uncommon
  • Indians: O & B -dominant ; A - common ; AB -uncommon
  • Africans: O -dominant ; A & B -common ; AB -uncommon
  • Native Americans: O -Extremely dominant ; A -uncommon
  • Australian Aborigines: O -Extremely dominant ; A & B -uncommon
21
Q

State the blood donation rules

A

• Blood donation rules:

  • Always give own blood group -> RBCs -> where possible
  • Emergency -> O Rhesus negative -> Universal donor
22
Q

Describe haemostasis

A

• Haemostasis:

  • Vasoconstriction – blood vessels
  • Platelet adhesion & aggregation
  • Clotting -> coagulation
23
Q

What are platelets?

A 
•	Platelets: 
-	Structure: 
Small
Oval 
No nucleus
2-3 micrometres diameter
Contain granules
-	Functions:
Megakaryocyte cytosplasm
Production controlled by 
    >>No. circulating platelets -> negative feedback
    >>Thrombopoietin (TPO) release -> incr. platelet no.s
Lifepsan 7-10 days
Variety functions -> essential -> haemostasis
24
Q

Describe coagulation

A 
•	Coagulation:
-	Conversion -> soluble plasma protein -> insoluble rigid polymer -> fibrin
Fibrinogen -> soluble 
Thrombin -> enzyme -> polymerisation
     >>Fibrinogen -> Fibrin.
Fibrin -> insoluble 
Factor XIII -> stabilises Fibrin
25
Q

Describe the initiation of coagulation

A

 Initaiation of coagulation:
- Extrinsic pathway
 Tissue factor
»Binds to Factor VII -> Tissue Factor-FVIIa complex
&raquo_space;Binds -> FX -> activates transformation -> FXa
- Intrinsic pathway
 Factor IX & co-factor VIII
&raquo_space;Binds -> FX -> activates transformation -> FXa
Slower -> extrinsic pathway
- Common pathway
 Prothrombinase
Comprised FXa & FVa as co-factor
&raquo_space;Binds -> Prothrombin -> produces -> thrombin
&raquo_space;Thrombin -> converts -> Fibrinogen -> Fibrin

26
Q

Describe the initiation of coagulation in the extrinsic pathway

A
  • Extrinsic pathway
     Tissue factor
    »Binds to Factor VII -> Tissue Factor-FVIIa complex
    &raquo_space;Binds -> FX -> activates transformation -> FXa
27
Q

Describe the initiation of coagulation in the intrinsic pathway

A
  • Intrinsic pathway
     Factor IX & co-factor VIII
    &raquo_space;Binds -> FX -> activates transformation -> FXa
    Slower -> extrinsic pathway
28
Q

Describe the initiation of coagulation in the common pathway

A
  • Common pathway
     Prothrombinase
    Comprised FXa & FVa as co-factor
    &raquo_space;Binds -> Prothrombin -> produces -> thrombin
    &raquo_space;Thrombin -> converts -> Fibrinogen -> Fibrin
29
Q

Describe the importance of calcium ions & vitamin K

A

• Calcium ions & Vitamin K:
- Affect almost every aspect -> clotting process
- Any disorder -> decr. Ca2+ conc
Impairs blood clotting
- Sufficient Vitamin K
Production -> clotting factors -> liver -> incl. prothrombin.

30
Q

Describe the control of clotting

A

• Control of clotting:
- Normal plasma -> natural anticoagulants
Antithrombin
-> inhibits thrombin
Heparin -> released -> basophils & mast cells
-> co-factor -> accelerates actions -> Antithrombin

31
Q

Describe fibrinolysis

A

• Fibrinolysis:
- Enzyme -> Plasmin
Break down -> Fibrinolysis-Fibrin clot

Body Systems Y1 (22 decks)

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