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Body Systems Y1 > Body Systems L12 Notes > Flashcards

Body Systems L12 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the indicative values of a non-athlete when resting & during excersise for Cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume & heart weight.

A 
Non-Athlete Resting	Non-Athlete Excersised
~5	~20
75	190
65	105
250-300
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2
Q

What are the indicative values of an athlete when resting & during excersise for Cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume & heart weight.

A 
Athlete Resting	Athlete 
Excersised
~5.5	~30
55	180
100	165
500
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3
Q

What are the indicative values of a non-athlete when resting for Cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume & heart weight.

A 
Non-Athlete Resting
~5
75
65
250-300
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4
Q

What are the indicative values of a non-athlete when exercising for Cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume & heart weight.

A

Non-Athlete Excersised
~20
190
105

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5
Q

What are the indicative values of an athlete when exercising for Cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume & heart weight.

A 
Athlete 
Excersised
~30
180
165
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6
Q

What are the indicative values of an athlete when resting for Cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume & heart weight.

A 
Athlete Resting
~5.5
55
100
500
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7
Q

What are the indicative values of cardiac output for an athlete & non-athelete both when relaxed & exercising?

A

Non-Athlete Resting Non-Athlete Excersised Athlete Resting Athlete
Excersised
CO (L/min) ~5 ~20 ~5.5 ~30

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8
Q

What are the indicative values of heart rate for an athlete & non-athelete both when relaxed & exercising?

A

Non-Athlete Resting Non-Athlete Excersised Athlete Resting Athlete
Excersised
HR (bpm) 75 190 55 180

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9
Q

What are the indicative values of stroke volume for an athlete & non-athelete both when relaxed & exercising?

A

Non-Athlete Resting Non-Athlete Excersised Athlete Resting Athlete
Excersised
SV (ml) 65 105 100 165

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10
Q

Describe the innervation of the heart

A
  1. Cardioregulatory centre & chemoreceptors -> medulla oblongata
    Via -> Sensory Nerve Fibres
    -» Baroreceptors -> wall of internal carotid artery
    -» Carotid body chemoreceptors
    -» Baroreceptors -> Aorta
  2. Adrenal Medulla
    i) Via -> Parasympathetic nerve fibres
    -» Sinoatrial (SA) Node
    ii) Via -> Sympathetic nerve fibres
    -» Heart
  3. Adrenal Medulla
    Via -> Sympathetic nerve fibres -> adrenal gland
    >Release adrenaline/noradrenaline -> circulation
    -»Heart
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11
Q

What parts of the sensory nervous system and the heart do the sensory nerve fibres connect?

A
  1. Cardioregulatory centre & chemoreceptors -> medulla oblongata
    Via -> Sensory Nerve Fibres
    -» Baroreceptors -> wall of internal carotid artery
    -» Carotid body chemoreceptors
    -» Baroreceptors -> Aorta
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12
Q

What parts of the sensory nervous system and the heart do the parasympathetic nerve fibres connect?

A
  1. Adrenal Medulla
    i) Via -> Parasympathetic nerve fibres
    • > > Sinoatrial (SA) Node
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13
Q

What parts of the sensory nervous system and the heart do the sympathetic nerve fibres connect?

A 
2.	Adrenal Medulla 
Via -> Sympathetic nerve fibres 
i)     ->> Heart
ii) -> adrenal gland 
>Release adrenaline/noradrenaline -> circulation 
->>Heart
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14
Q

What is a chronotropic effect?

A

• Chronotropic Effect:

- Influence effecting heart rate.

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15
Q

What is a negative chronotropic effect? Give an example & describe how it is carried out.

A 
	Negative chronotropic effect:
       Slows Heart Rate
      Eg. Acetlycholine 
      ->> Via positive end -> muscarinic (ACh)-receptor gated K-channels
          Component of ‘vagal tone’
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16
Q

What is a positive chronotropic effect? Give an example & describe how it is carried out.

A

 Positive chronotropic effect:
 Increase Heart Rate
Eg. Noradrenaline & adrenaline
-» Via stimulation -> hyperpolarisation-activated ion channels

17
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

 Bradycardia:

 Chronotrophic effect which slows heart rate under pathological conditions.

18
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

 Tachycardia:

 Chronotropic effect which incr. heart rate under pathological conditions.

19
Q

Describe the characteristics of an average adult heart rate

A

• Adult Heart rate:
- 60-80 (-100) bpm
- Very little / no sympathetic cardiac activity
- At rest -> SAN Node considered under high vagal tone
Slows inherent heart rate of ~110 bpm

20
Q

What is the end-diastolic volume?

A

• End-Diastolic Volume:

 Volume of blood in ventricle at end of loading / filling

21
Q

What is the end-systolic volume?

A

• End-Systolic Volume:

 Volume of blood in ventricle at end pf contraction (systole)

22
Q

What is the equation for calculation of stroke volume using EDV & ESV?

A

• Stroke Volume = ( End-Diastolic Volume ) – ( End-Systolic Volume )

23
Q

Describe characteristics of ventricular filling

A

• Ventricular filling:
 Relies -> atrial filling
-> Determined ->Venous return of blood.
 Incr. rate of ventricular filling
-> incr. stroke volume
Incr. EDV
-> incr. initial length / stretch -> cardiac muscle fibres
-» incr. stroke volume & cardiac output

24
Q

State the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

A

• Frank-Starling Law of the Heart:

 The force / tension developed in a muscle fibre depends -> extent to which fibre stretched.

25
Q

Name the factors affecting Venous Return / Central Venous Pressure

A

Posture
Muscle pump
Respiratory pump

26
Q

Describe how posture affects venous return / central venous pressure

A
  1. Posture:
    - Blood volume influenced by gravity -> posture.
    - Standing  venous pooling in legs
    »Decr. venous return.
27
Q

Describe how the muscle pump affects venous return / central venous pressure

A
  1. Muscle pump:
    - Venomotor tone involving constriction -> veins -> skeletal muscles.
    - Venous return facilitated -> valves
    »Prevent backflow of blood
28
Q

Describe how the respiratory pump affects venous return / central venous pressure

A
  1. Respiratory Pump:
    - Inspiration creates internal pressure difference by lowering intra-thoracic pressure & incr. intra-abdominal pressure.

Body Systems Y1 (22 decks)

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