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Body Systems Y1 > Body Systems L11 Notes > Flashcards

Body Systems L11 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

 Maintain adaptable supply of blood -> tissues.
» Supply nutrients & signalling molecules
»Remove waste products
 Establish pressure differentials across tissues -> capillary exchange.

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2
Q

What are the two factors which determine blood flow?

A

 Blood flow determined:

  • Resistance -> R
  • Pressure difference -> P
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3
Q

What is the equation representing blood flow?

A

 F = ▲P / ▲R

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4
Q

What is vascular resistance determined by?

A 
Determined by:
->> L = length of vessel 
->> r = radius of vessel
->> ꞃ = fluid viscosity 
       >>(protein conc.)
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5
Q

What determines the fluid viscosity of blood?

A

-» ꞃ = fluid viscosity

|&raquo_space;(protein conc.)

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6
Q

What is the equation for calculation of vascular resistance?

A

 R = (8Lꞃ) / (πr4)

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7
Q

What is the equation for calculation of blood flow using pressure & viscosity?

A

 F = ▲P((πr4) / (8Lꞃ))

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8
Q

What are the two equations for calculation of blood flow & what values do both equations require?

A

 F = ▲P / ▲R
Pressure difference & resistance difference

 F = ▲P((πr4) / (8Lꞃ))
Pressure difference, radius, length & fluid viscosity.

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9
Q

What does the Poiseuille-Hagen Eqn state?

A

 Poiseuille-Hagen Eqn:
Flow -> proportional -> r4
Small changes in arteriole diameter
&raquo_space;Drastically alter tissue blood flow

Rate of flow -> blood through vessels
-» Proportional -> Vessel diameter

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10
Q

What causes cardiovascular pressure gradient formation?

A

Contraction -> Heart muscles -> Generates CVS pressure gradient.

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11
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of each component of heart during systole & diastole.

A 
Left Ventricle:
Contraction (systole) -> 100-140mmHg
Relaxation (diastole) -> 3-12mmHg
Left Atrium:
Contraction (systole) -> 6-12mmHg
Right Ventricle:
Contraction (systole) -> 15-30mmHg
Relaxation (diastole) -> 3-8mmHg
Right Atrial:
Contraction (systole) -> 2-6mmHg
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12
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the left ventricle of heart during systole & diastole.

A

Left Ventricle:
Contraction (systole) -> 100-140mmHg
Relaxation (diastole) -> 3-12mmHg

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13
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the right ventricle of heart during systole & diastole.

A

Right Ventricle:
Contraction (systole) -> 15-30mmHg
Relaxation (diastole) -> 3-8mmHg

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14
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the left atrium of heart during systole.

A

Left Atrium:

Contraction (systole) -> 6-12mmHg

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15
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the right atrium of heart during systole.

A

Right Atrial:

Contraction (systole) -> 2-6mmHg

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16
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the right ventricle of heart during systole

A

Contraction (systole) -> 15-30mmHg

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17
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the left ventricle of heart during systole

A

Contraction (systole) -> 100-140mmHg

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18
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the right ventricle of heart during diastole.

A

Relaxation (diastole) -> 3-8mmHg

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19
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the left ventricle of heart during diastole.

A

Relaxation (diastole) -> 3-12mmHg

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20
Q

What is classed as a high blood pressure gradient in systole & diastole?

A

High:
Systolic: >140mmHg
Diastolic: >90mmHg

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21
Q

What is classed as a high blood pressure gradient in systole?

A

Systolic: >140mmHg

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22
Q

What is classed as a high blood pressure gradient in diastole?

A

Diastolic: >90mmHg

23
Q

What is classed as a pre-high blood pressure gradient in systole & diastole?

A

Pre-high:
Systolic: 120-140mmHg
Diastolic: 80-90mmHg

24
Q

What is classed as a pre-high blood pressure gradient in systole?

A

Systolic: 120-140mmHg

25
What is classed as a pre-high blood pressure gradient in diastole?
Diastolic: 80-90mmHg
26
What is classed as an ideal blood pressure gradient in systole & diastole?
Ideal: Systolic: 90-120mmHg Diastolic: 60-80mmHg
27
What is classed as an ideal blood pressure gradient in systole?
Systolic: 90-120mmHg
28
What is classed as an ideal blood pressure gradient in diastole?
Diastolic: 60-80mmHg
29
What is classed as an ideal blood pressure gradient in systole & diastole?
Low: Systolic: <90mmHg Diastolic: <60mmHg
30
What is classed as an ideal blood pressure gradient in systole?
Systolic: <90mmHg
31
What is classed as an ideal blood pressure gradient diastole?
Diastolic: <60mmHg
32
What is pulse pressure?
Pulse pressure: | >> Difference between Systolic & Diastolic Pressure
33
What is the equation for pulse pressure?
>> Pulse pressure = (Systolic pressure) – (Diastolic pressure) - >> Systolic -> Higher - >> Diastolic -> Lower
34
What is the equation for calculation of mean arterial pressure?
Mean arterial pressure: | >> Mean Arterial pressure = Diastolic pressure + 1/3 Pulse pressure
35
State Darcy's Law
 Darcy’s Law: | The flow of a fluid through -> porous medium.
36
What does the cardiac cycle determine?
• Cardiac cycle determines force of blood upon ejection -> heart.
37
Describe the electrical events of the cardiac cycle
- Electrical events:  Initaited by pacemaker -> Sinoatrial node.  Sinotarial node -> Atria  Atria -> Atrioventricular node >>Cell-to-cell conduction  Atrioventricular node -> Bundles of His >>Delays cycle -> 0.1s >Enabling atrial contraction  Bundles of His -> Ventricular myocardium >>Rapid signal -> enables simultaneous contraction -> ventricular cells
38
How is the cardiac cycle initiated?
 Initaited by pacemaker -> Sinoatrial node.
39
Describe the pathway of electrical conduction in cardiac cycle
- Electrical events:  Initaited by pacemaker -> Sinoatrial node.  Sinotarial node -> Atria  Atria -> Atrioventricular node  Atrioventricular node -> Bundles of His  Bundles of His -> Ventricular myocardium ventricular cells
40
How are electrical currents conducted from the atria to the atrioventricular node?
>>Cell-to-cell conduction
41
What happens on conduction of electrical signals from AV node to Bundles of his and why does this occur?
>>Delays cycle -> 0.1s | >Enabling atrial contraction
42
Why is there a rapid signal from bundles of his to ventricular myocardium in cardiac cycle?
>>Rapid signal -> enables simultaneous contraction -> ventricular cells
43
Describe the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle
 Atrial systole Atrial contraction -> forces blood -> relaxed ventricles  Atrial diastole  Ventricular systole I Ventricular contraction -> AV valves close >>Insufficient pressure -> Open semilunar valves  Ventricular systole II Incr. ventricular pressure forces semilunar valves -> open >>Blood ejected  Ventricular Diastole -> Early Ventricular relaxation -> decr. pressure -> backflow of blood against cusp of valves >>Closes semilunar valves >>Blood flow -> relaxed atria.  Ventricular Diastole -> Late Relaxation of all chambers >>Passive filling of ventricles
44
Outline the stages in the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle
```  Atrial systole  Atrial diastole  Ventricular systole I  Ventricular systole II Ventricular Diastole -> Early Ventricular Diastole -> Late ```
45
What happens during atrial systole of cardiac cycle?
Atrial contraction -> forces blood -> relaxed ventricles
46
What happens during ventricular systole I of cardiac cycle?
Ventricular contraction -> AV valves close | >>Insufficient pressure -> Open semilunar valves
47
What happens during ventricular systole II of cardiac cycle?
Incr. ventricular pressure forces semilunar valves -> open | >>Blood ejected
48
What happens during early Ventricular Diastole of cardiac cycle?
Ventricular relaxation -> decr. pressure -> backflow of blood against cusp of valves >>Closes semilunar valves >>Blood flow -> relaxed atria.
49
What happens during late Ventricular Diastole of cardiac cycle?
Relaxation of all chambers | >>Passive filling of ventricles
50
What is the role of the ECG?
 ECG detects electrical responses -> heart >> Profile -> accumulative representation -> action potentials across heart. >> Reflects stages of cardiac cycle: i.) Atrial contraction / relaxation ii.) Ventricular contraction / relaxation iii.) Conduction velocities -> electrical signals
51
What is the P-wave?
>>Atrial depolarization & contraction
52
What is the QRS complex?
 >>Spread -> electrical signal >Causes ventricular myocyte depolarisation & contraction ->>Arterial relaxation event masked -> larger ventricular event.
53
What is the T-wave?
>>Ventricle repolarisation & relaxation
54
What is the QT interval?
>>Time from initiation -> ventricular contraction -> end -> ventricular relaxation.

Body Systems Y1 (22 decks)

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