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Body Systems Y1 > Body Systems L11 Notes > Flashcards

Body Systems L11 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

 Maintain adaptable supply of blood -> tissues.
» Supply nutrients & signalling molecules
»Remove waste products
 Establish pressure differentials across tissues -> capillary exchange.

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2
Q

What are the two factors which determine blood flow?

A

 Blood flow determined:

  • Resistance -> R
  • Pressure difference -> P
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3
Q

What is the equation representing blood flow?

A

 F = ▲P / ▲R

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4
Q

What is vascular resistance determined by?

A 
Determined by:
->> L = length of vessel 
->> r = radius of vessel
->> ꞃ = fluid viscosity 
       >>(protein conc.)
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5
Q

What determines the fluid viscosity of blood?

A

-» ꞃ = fluid viscosity

|&raquo_space;(protein conc.)

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6
Q

What is the equation for calculation of vascular resistance?

A

 R = (8Lꞃ) / (πr4)

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7
Q

What is the equation for calculation of blood flow using pressure & viscosity?

A

 F = ▲P((πr4) / (8Lꞃ))

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8
Q

What are the two equations for calculation of blood flow & what values do both equations require?

A

 F = ▲P / ▲R
Pressure difference & resistance difference

 F = ▲P((πr4) / (8Lꞃ))
Pressure difference, radius, length & fluid viscosity.

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9
Q

What does the Poiseuille-Hagen Eqn state?

A

 Poiseuille-Hagen Eqn:
Flow -> proportional -> r4
Small changes in arteriole diameter
&raquo_space;Drastically alter tissue blood flow

Rate of flow -> blood through vessels
-» Proportional -> Vessel diameter

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10
Q

What causes cardiovascular pressure gradient formation?

A

Contraction -> Heart muscles -> Generates CVS pressure gradient.

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11
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of each component of heart during systole & diastole.

A 
Left Ventricle:
Contraction (systole) -> 100-140mmHg
Relaxation (diastole) -> 3-12mmHg
Left Atrium:
Contraction (systole) -> 6-12mmHg
Right Ventricle:
Contraction (systole) -> 15-30mmHg
Relaxation (diastole) -> 3-8mmHg
Right Atrial:
Contraction (systole) -> 2-6mmHg
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12
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the left ventricle of heart during systole & diastole.

A

Left Ventricle:
Contraction (systole) -> 100-140mmHg
Relaxation (diastole) -> 3-12mmHg

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13
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the right ventricle of heart during systole & diastole.

A

Right Ventricle:
Contraction (systole) -> 15-30mmHg
Relaxation (diastole) -> 3-8mmHg

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14
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the left atrium of heart during systole.

A

Left Atrium:

Contraction (systole) -> 6-12mmHg

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15
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the right atrium of heart during systole.

A

Right Atrial:

Contraction (systole) -> 2-6mmHg

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16
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the right ventricle of heart during systole

A

Contraction (systole) -> 15-30mmHg

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17
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the left ventricle of heart during systole

A

Contraction (systole) -> 100-140mmHg

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18
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the right ventricle of heart during diastole.

A

Relaxation (diastole) -> 3-8mmHg

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19
Q

State the intra-cardiac pressures of the left ventricle of heart during diastole.

A

Relaxation (diastole) -> 3-12mmHg

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20
Q

What is classed as a high blood pressure gradient in systole & diastole?

A

High:
Systolic: >140mmHg
Diastolic: >90mmHg

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21
Q

What is classed as a high blood pressure gradient in systole?

A

Systolic: >140mmHg

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22
Q

What is classed as a high blood pressure gradient in diastole?

A

Diastolic: >90mmHg

23
Q

What is classed as a pre-high blood pressure gradient in systole & diastole?

A

Pre-high:
Systolic: 120-140mmHg
Diastolic: 80-90mmHg

24
Q

What is classed as a pre-high blood pressure gradient in systole?

A

Systolic: 120-140mmHg

25
Q

What is classed as a pre-high blood pressure gradient in diastole?

A

Diastolic: 80-90mmHg

26
Q

What is classed as an ideal blood pressure gradient in systole & diastole?

A

Ideal:
Systolic: 90-120mmHg
Diastolic: 60-80mmHg

27
Q

What is classed as an ideal blood pressure gradient in systole?

A

Systolic: 90-120mmHg

28
Q

What is classed as an ideal blood pressure gradient in diastole?

A

Diastolic: 60-80mmHg

29
Q

What is classed as an ideal blood pressure gradient in systole & diastole?

A

Low:
Systolic: <90mmHg
Diastolic: <60mmHg

30
Q

What is classed as an ideal blood pressure gradient in systole?

A

Systolic: <90mmHg

31
Q

What is classed as an ideal blood pressure gradient diastole?

A

Diastolic: <60mmHg

32
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Pulse pressure:

|&raquo_space; Difference between Systolic & Diastolic Pressure

33
Q

What is the equation for pulse pressure?

A

> > Pulse pressure = (Systolic pressure) – (Diastolic pressure)

     - >> Systolic -> Higher
     - >> Diastolic -> Lower
34
Q

What is the equation for calculation of mean arterial pressure?

A

Mean arterial pressure:

|&raquo_space; Mean Arterial pressure = Diastolic pressure + 1/3 Pulse pressure

35
Q

State Darcy’s Law

A

 Darcy’s Law:

The flow of a fluid through -> porous medium.

36
Q

What does the cardiac cycle determine?

A

• Cardiac cycle determines force of blood upon ejection -> heart.

37
Q

Describe the electrical events of the cardiac cycle

A
  • Electrical events:
     Initaited by pacemaker -> Sinoatrial node.
     Sinotarial node -> Atria
     Atria -> Atrioventricular node
    »Cell-to-cell conduction
     Atrioventricular node -> Bundles of His
    »Delays cycle -> 0.1s
    >Enabling atrial contraction
     Bundles of His -> Ventricular myocardium
    »Rapid signal -> enables simultaneous contraction -> ventricular cells
38
Q

How is the cardiac cycle initiated?

A

 Initaited by pacemaker -> Sinoatrial node.

39
Q

Describe the pathway of electrical conduction in cardiac cycle

A
  • Electrical events:
     Initaited by pacemaker -> Sinoatrial node.
     Sinotarial node -> Atria
     Atria -> Atrioventricular node
     Atrioventricular node -> Bundles of His
     Bundles of His -> Ventricular myocardium
    ventricular cells
40
Q

How are electrical currents conducted from the atria to the atrioventricular node?

A

> > Cell-to-cell conduction

41
Q

What happens on conduction of electrical signals from AV node to Bundles of his and why does this occur?

A

> > Delays cycle -> 0.1s

>Enabling atrial contraction

42
Q

Why is there a rapid signal from bundles of his to ventricular myocardium in cardiac cycle?

A

> > Rapid signal -> enables simultaneous contraction -> ventricular cells

43
Q

Describe the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle

A

 Atrial systole
Atrial contraction -> forces blood -> relaxed ventricles
 Atrial diastole
 Ventricular systole I
Ventricular contraction -> AV valves close
»Insufficient pressure -> Open semilunar valves
 Ventricular systole II
Incr. ventricular pressure forces semilunar valves -> open
»Blood ejected
 Ventricular Diastole -> Early
Ventricular relaxation -> decr. pressure -> backflow of blood against cusp of valves
»Closes semilunar valves
»Blood flow -> relaxed atria.
 Ventricular Diastole -> Late
Relaxation of all chambers
»Passive filling of ventricles

44
Q

Outline the stages in the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle

A 
	Atrial systole 
	Atrial diastole 
	Ventricular systole I
	Ventricular systole II
Ventricular Diastole -> Early
Ventricular Diastole -> Late
45
Q

What happens during atrial systole of cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial contraction -> forces blood -> relaxed ventricles

46
Q

What happens during ventricular systole I of cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular contraction -> AV valves close

|&raquo_space;Insufficient pressure -> Open semilunar valves

47
Q

What happens during ventricular systole II of cardiac cycle?

A

Incr. ventricular pressure forces semilunar valves -> open

|&raquo_space;Blood ejected

48
Q

What happens during early Ventricular Diastole of cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular relaxation -> decr. pressure -> backflow of blood against cusp of valves
»Closes semilunar valves
»Blood flow -> relaxed atria.

49
Q

What happens during late Ventricular Diastole of cardiac cycle?

A

Relaxation of all chambers

|&raquo_space;Passive filling of ventricles

50
Q

What is the role of the ECG?

A

 ECG detects electrical responses -> heart
» Profile -> accumulative representation -> action potentials across heart.
» Reflects stages of cardiac cycle:
i.) Atrial contraction / relaxation
ii.) Ventricular contraction / relaxation
iii.) Conduction velocities -> electrical signals

51
Q

What is the P-wave?

A

> > Atrial depolarization & contraction

52
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

 »Spread -> electrical signal
>Causes ventricular myocyte depolarisation
& contraction
-»Arterial relaxation event masked -> larger ventricular event.

53
Q

What is the T-wave?

A

> > Ventricle repolarisation & relaxation

54
Q

What is the QT interval?

A

> > Time from initiation -> ventricular contraction -> end -> ventricular relaxation.

Body Systems Y1 (22 decks)

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