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Body Systems Y1 > Body Systems L4 > Flashcards

Body Systems L4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group of similar cells -> specific function.

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2
Q

List the types of basic tissues.

A

 Epithelia
 Connective
 Muscle
 Nervous

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3
Q

What is the function of the epithelial tissue?

A
  • Covers inner & outer surfaces
  • Line cavities & tubes eg. Hollow organs, airways, blood vessels
  • Glands
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4
Q

What characteristics does epithelial tissue have?

A

-Attachment
-Avascularity -> no blood vessels run through it
-Regenerates
-Polarity (apical -> faces surface & basal -> bottom)
-Closely packed cells supported by basement mem

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5
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified?

A
  • Classification based on no of cells and shape in most superficial layer
    1. No. of cell layers
    2. Shape
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6
Q

What are the two classifications for cell layers of epithelial tissue?

A

> Simple -> one layer

> Stratified -> more than one layer

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7
Q

What are the classifications of shapes used in epithelial tissues?

A

> Squamous (flat)
Cuboidal (cube)
Columnar (rectangle)

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8
Q

List examples of epithelial tissue.

A
  • Simple squamous
  • Non-keratinised stratified squamous
  • Keratinised stratified Squamous
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
  • Simple columnar epithelium
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9
Q

What is the function of and where are simple squamous tissue found?

A

Exchange of nutrients & gases

-> Blood vessels & alveoli

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10
Q

What is the function of and where are non-keratinised stratified squamous tissue found?

A

Protection

-> Oral cavity & oesophagus

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11
Q

What is the function of and where are keratinised stratified squamous tissue found?

A

Waterproof protection/barrier

-> Skin

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12
Q

What is the function of and where are simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Secretion & absorption

-> Glands & kidney tubules

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13
Q

What is the function of and where are simple columnar epithelium found?

A

Absorption & secretion
-> Gastrointestinal tract

  • -> also have microvilli
  • > Enabling absorption of nutrients.
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14
Q

What is the function of and where are simple pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells found?

A

Mucociliary escalator
-> produce mucous -> particles inhaled -> trapped in mucous.
-> Cilia moves mucous upwards to back of throat for swallowing.
-> Trachea & large respiratory airways.
-> Also has cilia & goblet cells.
Trachea appears stratified -> some cells don’t reach free surface -> All touch
basement mem.

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15
Q

What are intercellular junctions?

A
  • Specialised areas of cell mem -> bind cells to one another.
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16
Q

List the types of intercellular junction

A
  • Desosomes
  • Hemidesosomes
  • Tight junctions
  • Gap junctions
17
Q

What is the purpose of desosomes?

A

Strong
Join adjacent cells
Resist stretching & twisting

18
Q

What is the purpose of hemidesosomes?

A

Stabilising
Attach cells to basement mem
Anchor to underlying tissue

19
Q

What is the purpose of tight junctions? Give an example.

A

Binds adjacent cells -> interlocking proteins
Prevents passage of water & solutes between cells
Found on Apical side of cells
Eg. Digestive tract -> Prevents digestive fluids passing between epithelial cells.

20
Q

What is the purpose of gap junctions?

A

Interlocking mem proteins (connexons) bind cells together
Connexons – central pore enabling movement of small molecules & ions between cells
Cardiac muscle

21
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Structural framework for body
  • Supports surrounds & interconnects tissues
  • Protects delicate organs
  • Transports fluids & dissolved materials
  • Stores energy reserves
  • Defence -> microorganisms
22
Q

What is connective tissue composed of?

A
  • Cells within Extracellular matrix
23
Q

What types of cells comprise the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

A

> Fibroblasts -> Main cell type -> Synthesises extracellular matrix
Apipocytes
Macrophage cells
Mast cells

24
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissue composed of?

A 
	Ground substance
	Tissue (extracellular fluid)
	Fibres: 
->Collagen 
->Reticular
->Elastic
25
Q

Name the classifications of connective tissue.

A
  1. Specialised connective tissue

2. Connective tissue proper

26
Q

Name the types of specialised connective tissue

A
  • Blood
    - Bone
    - Cartilage
27
Q

How is connective tissue proper classified? List the different types.

A

Classified according to type, arrangement & abundance of fibres, cells & ground substance

  1. Loose areolar/irregular
  2. Dense irregular connective
  3. Dense regular
28
Q

Describe Loose areolar/irregular tissue

A
  • > Lots -> ground substance
  • > Few fibres
    - Collagen & Elastic
  • > Variety of cells
    - Fibroblasts, adiposcytes, macrophages (transient)
    - > Under epithelium covering & lining body surfaces.
29
Q

Describe dense irregular connective tissue

A
  1. Dense irregular connective tissue:
    - > Little ground substance
    - > Lots -> collagen fibre bundles -> arranged haphazardly
    - >Few cells
    • Mainly fibroblasts
      - > Resists excessive stretching & distension
      - > Found in dermis
30
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue

A
  • > Little ground substance
    - > Lots -> densely packed bundles of collagen fibres -> parallel rows
    - > Few cells
    - Mainly fibroblast
    - > Found in tendons & ligaments.
31
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Name the types & similarities they share.

A
  • Produces movement -> specialised for contraction
  • 3 types – skeletal , smooth & cardiac.
     Similarirties
  • Elongated parallel to axis of contraction
  • Numerous mitochondria
    -Contractile elements
32
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A 
1.	Skeletal
	Moves & stabilises skeleton 
	Forms sphincters in digestive & urinary tracts -> controls urges to pee etc. 
	 Involved in respiration
-	Long cylindrical cells 
-	Striated (striped)
-	Multinucleated (multiple per cell)  
-	Innervated -> somatic nervous system
33
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  1. Smooth
     Forms walls of organs, blood vessels & airways
     Gastrointestinal movement
     Alters diameters -> airways & blood vessels
    - Short, fusiform (narrow at ends) cells
    - Non striated (not striped)
    - Single central nucleus
    - Innervated -> autonomic nervous system
34
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A 
	Heart wall 
	Circulates blood & maintain blood pressure
-	Branched muscle fibres
-	Striated (striped)
-	1-2 central nuclei
-	Intercalated discs 
-	Innervated -> autonomic nervous system
35
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of tissue -> cellular level.

36
Q

Give an example of specialised tissue in animals, it’s characteristics & how this is beneficial to the animal.

A

• Hibernating animals
 Large quantity -> multilocular adipose tissue (brown adipose tissue)
Tissue cells >Numerous droplets lipid -> cytoplasm
>Lots -> mitochondria
–>Able to uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation
&raquo_space; Releases heat -> instead -> ATP
&raquo_space;>Incr. heat -> arouses -> hibernation.
Highly vascularised tissue -> even distribution -> heat.

Body Systems Y1 (22 decks)

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