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Body Systems Y1 > Body Systems L13 > Flashcards

Body Systems L13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is contractility?

A

 Contractile ability -> cardiac muscle at a given period.

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2
Q

Describe the effect of incr. ventricular contraction on stroke volume

A

 Incr. ventricular contraction -> incr. stroke volume

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3
Q

What is an inotropic effect?

A

 Effects which alter the contractility of the heart.

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4
Q

What are positive inotropic effects? Give an example.

A

 Positive inotropic effects:
Effects which incr. contractility -> heart
Eg. Sensory Nervous System & adrenaline
->SNS also incr. conduction velocity & cardiac impulse.

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5
Q

What are negative inotropic effects? Give an example & incl. how this is carried out.

A

 Negative inotropic effects:
Effects which decr. contractility -> heart
Eg. Peripheral Nervous System (ACh)
->Mainly exerted on atria
&raquo_space;Vagal nerve doesn’t innervate ventricles.

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6
Q

Describe contractility & filling times of the heart when Heart rate is 70bpm

A
  • HR -> 70bpm
     Total Filling time: 0.8s
    Diastole: 0.53s
    Systole: 0.27s
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7
Q

Describe contractility & filling times of the heart when Heart rate is 150bpm and no sensory nervous system tone is present. Explain the consequences of these statistics.

A
  • HR -> 150bpm -> No SNS tone
     Total filling time: 0.4s
    Diastole: 0.13s
    Systole: 0.27s
    –> Not enough time to refill ventricles for effect.
    –> Without sympathetic nervous system intervention -> contraction of ventricles too severe & rapid for sufficient refill of ventricles for transport of adequate blood supply to tissues.
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8
Q

Describe contractility & filling times of the heart when Heart rate is 150bpm and sensory nervous system tone is present. Explain the consequences of such statistics.

A
  • HR -> 150bpm -> SNS tone
     Total filling time: 0.4s
    Diastole: 0.22s
    Systole: 0.18s
        --> Enables sufficient filling time by extension of diastolic phase ***
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9
Q

What is the afterload?

A

 Pressure opposing ejection of blood from heart

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10
Q

What factor is the afterload affected by?

A

Influenced -> Blood vessel tone -> Vasoconstriction/dilation

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11
Q

What does the afterload have an affect on?

A

Major effect -> cardiac output.

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12
Q

What is the equation for blood pressure?

Include the units/eqns. for facors in the eqn.

A

• Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance
 Cardiac Output -> ▲HR & SV
 Total Peripheral Resistance -> ▲Arteriolar Radius

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13
Q

Describe how the blood vessel tone is controlled

A 
•	Blood vessel tone controlled -> interrelated processes
	Automatic / intrinsic 
	Short term 
	Long term 
Control measures.
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14
Q

What affect does decr. oxygen and incr. co2 have on pulmonary circulation?

A

• Pulmonary Circulation:

- Decr. O2 & Incr. CO2 -> constriction -> arterioles.

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15
Q

Describe factors which may result in altered blood pressure / volume

A

Physical stress
Eg. Trauma, high temp, etc.
Chemical changes
Eg. Decr. O2 / decr. pH / Incr. CO2 / Incr. vasodilatory metabolites
Increased tissue activity / Intrinsic Control

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16
Q

Describe homeostasis/ regulation & response of blood pressure

A

• Response & Regulation of Blood Pressure:
Homeostasis:
- Altered Blood pressure / volume
Physical stress
Eg. Trauma, high temp, etc.
Chemical changes
Eg. Decr. O2 / decr. pH / Incr. CO2 / Incr. vasodilatory metabolites
Increases tissue activity / Intrinsic Control
- Inadequate blood pressure & flow
»Autoregulation:
 Decr. resistance & incr. blood flow
> Homeostasis returned.
- Insufficient Autoregulation:
Stimulates receptors -> sensitive to systemic changes -> blood pressure /
Chemistry.
Activates cardiovascular centres -> Central Nervous System
Elevates Blood pressure -> Short Term
&raquo_space;Stimulation -> heart rate & peripheral vasoconstriction
–» Sensory Nervous System.
Return -> Homeostasis.

17
Q

Describe the process of autoregulation of blood pressure & how it may have been caused.

A

• Response & Regulation of Blood Pressure:
Homeostasis:
- Altered Blood pressure / volume
Physical stress
Eg. Trauma, high temp, etc.
Chemical changes
Eg. Decr. O2 / decr. pH / Incr. CO2 / Incr. vasodilatory metabolites
Increases tissue activity / Intrinsic Control
- Inadequate blood pressure & flow
»Autoregulation:
 Decr. resistance & incr. blood flow
> Homeostasis returned.

18
Q

Describe what occurs if autoregulation of blood pressure is insufficient

A
  • Insufficient Autoregulation:
    Stimulates receptors -> sensitive to systemic changes -> blood pressure /
    Chemistry.
    Activates cardiovascular centres -> Central Nervous System
    Elevates Blood pressure -> Short Term
    »Stimulation -> heart rate & peripheral vasoconstriction
    –» Sensory Nervous System.
    Return -> Homeostasis.
19
Q

Give examples of vasodilatory metabolites

A

• Vasodilatory metabolites

 H+ / CO2 / K+ / Adenosine / Lactate

20
Q

Describe the state of the vessel & causative factors of this for active tissues.

A

• Active tissues:
Vessel vasodilated
&raquo_space;Response -> metabolites
>Incr. Blood flow -> tissue.

21
Q

Describe the state of the vessel & causative factors of this for inactive tissues.

A

• Inactive tissues:
Vessel vasoconstricted
&raquo_space;Absence -> excess metabolites

22
Q

State where the chemoreceptors can be located.

A

• Chemoreceptors:
Medulla oblongata:
» Cardioregulatory centre
Carotid Body

23
Q

State where the baroreceptors can be located.

A

• Baroreceptors:
Wall -> internal carotid artery
Aorta

24
Q

Describe actions of the baroreceptors during times of inadequate blood supply / blood pressure

A 
•	Inadequate Blood supply / Decr. Blood Pressure:
-	Inhibition -> baroreceptors
	 Activation 
 Cardioacceloratory Centre
Vasomotor Centres
	Inhibition
 Cardioinhibitory Centre
       >> Incr. Cardiac Output & Heart Rate
-	Vasoconstriction
25
Q

Describe actions of the baroreceptors during times of increased blood pressure

A 
•	Rise -> Blood Pressure:
-	Stimulation -> Baroreceptors
	Activation
Cardioinhibitory Centre
	Inhibition
Cardioacceloratory Centre
Vasomotor Centres
       >> Decr. Cardiac Output & Heart Rate
-	Vasodilation.
26
Q

Describe the actions of the chemoreceptors found in the medulla oblongata when detection of incr, Co2 & decr. pH

A

• Chemoreceptors -> Medulla Oblongata:
- Detect incr. CO2 decr. pH
- Vasodilation -> Cerebral Vessels
» Incr. Blood flow -> Brain.

27
Q

Describe the actions of the chemoreceptors found in the carotid body when detection of incr, Co2 & decr. pH

A 
•	Chemoreceptors -> Carotid Body:
-	Detect incr. CO2 / decr. pH
 Stimulate cardioaccelatory centre
       Inhibit cardioinhibitory centres
       Stimulate vasomotor centres
>> Incr. Cardiac Output, Vasoconstriction & Heart Rate
28
Q

Describe the actions of the chemoreceptors when detection of incr. Co2 & decr. pH

A

• Chemoreceptors -> Medulla Oblongata:
- Detect incr. CO2 / decr. pH
- Vasodilation -> Cerebral Vessels
» Incr. Blood flow -> Brain.

•	Chemoreceptors -> Carotid Body:
-	Detect incr. CO2 / decr. pH
 Stimulate cardioaccelatory centre
       Inhibit cardioinhibitory centres
       Stimulate vasomotor centres
>> Incr. CO & incr. Heart Rate
29
Q

Describe the actions of the chemoreceptors when decr. oxygen detected.

A
  • Detect decr. O2

- Incr. respiratory rate

30
Q

Describe intrinsic/autoregulation of blood flow & both methods of recovery if autoregulation insufficient

A

• Intrinsic / Autoregulation -> Blood Flow:
- Homeostasis Disturbed
Physical Stress
Eg. Trauma , High Temp
Chemical Changes
Eg. Decr. O2 / decr. pH / Incr. CO2 / Incr. vasodilatory metabolites
Incr, tissue activity
- Inadequate blood pressure & blood flow
- Autoregulation:
Decr. resistance
Incr. blood flow
- If autoregulation insufficient:
1.
- Stimulation -> receptors
Sensitive -> changes -> systemic blood pressure / chemistry
- Activation -> Cardiovascular centres -> Central Nervous System
- Short-term incr. -> Blood pressure
Sensory nervous system stimulates Heart rate & peripheral vasoconstriction

If response to control of blood flow still insufficient following stimulation -> cardiovascular centre sensory receptors

    • Endocrine response stimulated
    • Long-term incr. -> Blood pressure
      Angiotensin II -> Vasoconstriction
      Aldosterone, ADH etc. -> Blood Volume
      »Return -> homeostasis.
31
Q

Describe both methods of recovery of blood flow if intrinsic / autoregulation insufficient

A
  • If autoregulation insufficient:
    1.
  • Stimulation -> receptors
    Sensitive -> changes -> systemic blood pressure / chemistry
  • Activation -> Cardiovascular centres -> Central Nervous System
  • Short-term incr. -> Blood pressure
    Sensory nervous system stimulates Heart rate & peripheral vasoconstriction

If response to control of blood flow still insufficient following stimulation -> cardiovascular centre sensory receptors

    • Endocrine response stimulated
    • Long-term incr. -> Blood pressure
      Angiotensin II -> Vasoconstriction
      Aldosterone, ADH etc. -> Blood Volume
      »Return -> homeostasis.
32
Q

Describe recovery of blood flow using the cardiovascular centres of central nervous system if autoregulation insufficient

A
  • Stimulation -> receptors
    Sensitive -> changes -> systemic blood pressure / chemistry
  • Activation -> Cardiovascular centres -> Central Nervous System
  • Short-term incr. -> Blood pressure
    Sensory nervous system stimulates Heart rate & peripheral vasoconstriction
33
Q

Describe recovery of blood flow using the endocrine system if autoregulation & stimulation of cardiovascular centre insufficient

A

If response to control of blood flow still insufficient following stimulation -> cardiovascular centre sensory receptors

  • Endocrine response stimulated
  • Long-term incr. -> Blood pressure
    Angiotensin II -> Vasoconstriction
    Aldosterone, ADH etc. -> Blood Volume
    »Return -> homeostasis.
34
Q

What is a requirement of inotropic influences?

A

• Inotropic influences must be integrated with chronotropic influences.

35
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

 Force placed on walls of blood vessels by blood as it flows.

36
Q

Briefly describe how change of blood flow is controlled

A

 Changes -> blood flow -> controlled by changes in diameter -> arteries & cardiac output.

37
Q

What is the capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

• Capillary hydrostatic pressure:

 Minimum pressure required -> capillary exchange -> exchange of fluids & substances across capillary networks.

Body Systems Y1 (22 decks)

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