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Body Systems Y1 > Body Systems L22 Notes > Flashcards

Body Systems L22 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Name the types of respiratory diseases

A

Obstruction
Restriction
Infection & inflammation

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2
Q

Describe the conditions of obstruction in pulmonary disease

A

 Conditions -> Impede rate of flow into & out of lungs.

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3
Q

What are the two ways in which lung obstruction in pulmonary disease can be caused?

A

 Incr airway resistance

 Decr. outflow pressure

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4
Q

What would cause incr. airway resistance?

A

 Incr. airway resistance

|&raquo_space; Narrowed airways

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5
Q

What would cause decreased outflow pressure?

A

 Decr. outflow pressure

|&raquo_space; Loss of elastic recoil -> Lung tissue

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6
Q

What conditions would cause restriction of the lungs in pulmonary disease?

A

 Conditions -> Decr. lung volume

 » Reduced compliance

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7
Q

What would cause reduced compliance of the lungs?

A

 Reduced compliance

|&raquo_space; Decr. Vital Capacity (VC)

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8
Q

How is airway resistance measured?

A
  • Forced Expiratory Volume per second (FEV1)
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9
Q

What tool can be used to measure airway resistance?

A

> > Spirometry/ spirometer

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10
Q

What is the normal % for vital capacity?

A

Usually 80% -> Vital Capacity

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11
Q

Give examples of obstructive lung diseases

A

 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

 Athsma

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?

A 
-	Narrowed airways 
>> Incr. airway resistance
-	Loss -> elastic recoil of lung tissue
>> Decr. Outflow pressure
               Decr. Forced Expiratory Volume
-	Incr. Residual Volume (RV) 
>> Appearance -> Chest over-inflation
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13
Q

What are the main forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

 Chronic bronchitis -> Narrowing

 Emphysema -> Recoil

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14
Q

What are the characteristics / symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

A 
	Inflammation of Bronchi
 Irritants -> inflammation of bronchi
 Abnormal mucus secretion 
 Blocks airways
 Incr. susceptibility -> infection 
 Further incr. inflammation
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15
Q

What is caused by chronic bronchitis?

A

> 

Results: > Airway obstruction  > Shortness of breath / wheezing
 >> Chest pain ; chronic productive cough
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16
Q

Describe the treatment for chronic bronchitis

A

> 

 Treatment:
 >> Stop smoking
 >> Bronchodilators
 >> Antibiotics
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17
Q

What are the two types of bronchitis?

A

Acute

Chronic

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18
Q

What causes acute bronchitis & how long do symptoms last?

A

> > Bacteria / virus

|&raquo_space; Lasts days / weeks

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19
Q

What causes chronic bronchitis & how long do symptoms last?

A

> > Smoking (80%) / Environmentla irritants

|&raquo_space; Lasts at least 3 consecutive months -> 2 yrs.

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of emphysema?

A

 Emphysema -> Recoil
 Compliance significantly above normal
 Incr. Residual Volume

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21
Q

How is increased residual volume of the lung caused in emphysema?

A

 Incr. Residual Volume
&raquo_space; Increased Functional Residual Capacity
-» Chronic over-inflation -> lung

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of emphysema?

A

 Symptoms:
&raquo_space; Shortness of breath -> Exertion
&raquo_space; Hyperventilation
&raquo_space; Exapnded chest

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23
Q

Describe the mechanism by which emphysema is caused.

A

 Mechanism:
> Smoking
> Neutrophils & macrophages release elastase
> Genetic alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
(2% COPD patients)
&raquo_space; Insufficient alpha-1 antitrypsin -> Inactivate elastase.
> Elastase destroys alveolar walls
&raquo_space; Emphysema.

24
Q

Describe the treatment of Emphysema

A 
 20% smokers inherit COPD
      >> Lifelong smokers
 Treatment:
    >> Loss of alveoli -> permenant & irreversible 
    >> Enzyme supplement -> Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
    >> Stop smoking
    >> Supplemental O2
      >> Lung Transplant
25
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A 
-	Symptoms:
>> Incr. airway resistance
	Bronchoconstriction 
	Oedema -> Airway mucosa
	Mucus – secretion
26
Q

What are the causes of asthma?

A 
-	Causes:
	Hypersensitivity -> allergens
	Air pollution 
	Exercise -> Cold air
	Emotional stress
	Possibly genetics
27
Q

Describe the mechanism by which asthma occurs.

A 
-	Mechanics:
	Mast cell activation 
>> Release Histamine & cytokine 
	Odeoma & mucus
	Contraction -> smooth muscles.
28
Q

Describe treatment of asthma.

A
  • Treatment:
     Bronchodilators
    Eg. salbutamol (beta-2-adrenoceptor agonist)
     Anti-inflammatories
     Approx. 5.4 mill -> UK receiving treatment.
    &raquo_space; Incl. 1.1 mill children
    -» 1 in 11 children
    –> Many receiving treatment do not actually have disease
29
Q

What causes restrictive lung disorders?

A

• Restrictive Lung Disorders:

 Development -> Rigid Alveolar Walls

30
Q

Name the types of restrictive lung disorder?

A

Acute

Chronic

31
Q

What are acute restrictive lung disorders caused by?

A

 Sepsis / severe trauma

32
Q

What do acute restrictive lung disorders cause?

A

> > Protein exudation

> Oedema

33
Q

What are chronic restrictive lung disorders caused by?

A

 Industrial dusts, drugs / rheumatism

34
Q

What do chronic restrictive lung disorders cause?

A

> > Inflammation

> Fibrosis

35
Q

Give a examples of a restrictive lung disorder disease

A

Fibrosis

- Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS, ADRS, SARS)

36
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

Development -> Extra lung tissue

37
Q

What is fibrosis caused by?

A

 Causes:
» Inhaled environmental & occupational pollutants
» Cigarette smoke
» Autoimmune disease

38
Q

What does fibrosis cause?

A

> > Stiffening -> Lungs
-> ‘Honeycomb lung’
&raquo_space; Decr. lung compliance

39
Q

What is the treatment for fibrosis?

A

 Treatment:

|&raquo_space; No effective treatments.

40
Q

What are the types of respiratory tract infections?

A
  • Upper Respiratory Tract infections:

- Lower Respiratory Tract infections:

41
Q

Describe the characteristics of upper respiratory tract disease

A
  • Upper Respiratory Tract infections:
     Common but minor
     Average adult -> 2-4 per year
42
Q

Describe the characteristics of lower respiratory tract disease

A
  • Lower Respiratory Tract Infections:
     Less common but serious
    Eg. Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis
43
Q

Name some examples of respiratory tract infections

A

 Pneumonia:

 Tuberculosis:

44
Q

How is pneumonia caused?

A

 Bacteria

|&raquo_space; Streptococcus pneumonidae / Staphylococcus aureus / Klebsiella Pneumonidae

45
Q

What does pneumonia effect?

A

 Affects bronchi & alveoli
-> Become filled -> inflammatory exudate
&raquo_space; Consolidation
-> Lung tissue becomes firm & airless.

46
Q

How is tuberculosis caused?

A

 Inhalation -> Mycobacterium tuberculosis
&raquo_space; Highly contaigious
 Affects approx. 8-9 million
&raquo_space; 1.2-1.5 mill deaths

47
Q

Name the phases of tuberculosis

A

Latent

Active

48
Q

Describe the latent stage of tuberculosis

A
  1. Latent:
    » Asymptomatic
    » Non-infectious
    » Granuloma -> Lung tissue
49
Q

Describe the active stage of tuberculosis

A
  1. Active:
    » (~10%)
    » Spreads -> Bronchioles & circulation
50
Q

Describe the mechanism by which tuberculosis occurs

A

 Mechanism:
&raquo_space; Enter alveoli
> Replicate -> Alveolar macrophage
&raquo_space; Initial infection stimulates immune response
&raquo_space; Bacteria move -> Lymph Nodes
> Surrounded -> deposited collagen
&raquo_space; Lymph Node erodes
> Bacteria drains into bronchioles
&raquo_space; Alveolar Destruction
> Bacteria drains -> Blood vessels

51
Q

What is the treatment of tuberculosis?

A

 Treatment:

|&raquo_space; Difficulties -> Antibiotic Resistance

52
Q

Describe the Right Bronchial Tree & associated illness recorded

A

• Right Bronchial Tree:
- Patient admitted -> Heart Failure
» Extreme Coughing
» Spontaneously coughed up intact right bronchial tree.

53
Q

Name the major components of the right bronchial tree

A

Upper, middle & lower lobe

54
Q

How many segmental branches does the upper lobe of the right bronchial tree have?

A

 3 segmental branches -> Upper lobe

55
Q

How many segmental branches does the middle lobe of the right bronchial tree have?

A

 2 segmental branches -> Middle lobe

56
Q

How many segmental branches does the lower lobe of the right bronchial tree have?

A

 5 segmental branches -> Lower lobe

Body Systems Y1 (22 decks)

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