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Body Systems Y1 > Body Systems L6 > Flashcards

Body Systems L6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the substances transported by the circulatory system?

A
  • O2
  • Nutrients
  • CO2
  • Metabolic waste
  • Cells of immune system (White blood cells)
  • Hormones
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2
Q

Name the types of circulatory system.

A

Blood
Specialised
Lymphatic

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3
Q

Describe the characteristics of the blood circulatory systems.

A

 Closed circuit
 Arteries -> Away from heart
 Veins -> Back to heart
 Capillaries -> Between arteries & veins -> site of gas exchange

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4
Q

Name the types of blood circulatory systems

A

Systemic
Pulmonary
Coronary

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5
Q

Describe the systemic circulatory system

A

 High pressure -> arterial
 Transports oxygenated blood -> LHS heart -> body tissues
 Returns deoxygenated blood – RHS heart

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6
Q

Describe the characteristics of the arteries & veins

A

 Typically identical RHS & LHS distribution
 Corresponding arteries & veins -> same path
 Vessels have multiple names/ change name based on the section of the body in which the vessel is being referred to-> anatomical accuracy
 Tissues & organs served -> anastomoses -> unions -> several arteries & veins.

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7
Q

Term for the area of the Head

A

Cephalic

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8
Q

Term for the area of the neck

A

Jugular

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9
Q

Term for the area of the arm

A

Brachium

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10
Q

Term for the area of the back of knee

A

Popliteal fossa

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11
Q

Term for the area of the arm pit

A

Axillary fossa

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12
Q

Term for the bone in the area of the collar bone

A

Clavicle

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13
Q

Term for the bone in the area of the (lateral) forearm

A

Radius

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14
Q

Term for the bone in the area of the (medial) forearm

A

Ulna

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15
Q

Term for the bone in the area of the hip

A

Ilium

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16
Q

Term for the bone in the area of the top of the leg

A

Femur

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17
Q

Term for the bone in the area of the (medial) lower leg

A

Tibia

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18
Q

Term associated with arteries/veins of the shoulder

A

Axillary

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19
Q

Term associated with arteries/veins of the upper arm

A

Brachial

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20
Q

Term associated with arteries/veins of the lateral lower arm

A

Radial

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21
Q

Term associated with arteries/veins of the medial lower arm

A

Ulnar

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22
Q

Term associated with arteries/veins of the hip area of the leg/lower hip

A

External iliac

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23
Q

Term associated with arteries/veins of the upper leg area

A

Femoral

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24
Q

Term associated with arteries/veins of the back of the knee

A

Popliteal

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25
Q

Term associated with arteries/veins of the lower leg

A

Tibial

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26
Q

Term associated with arteries of the right of the neck

A

Right common carotid

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27
Q

Term associated with arteries of the left of the neck

A

Left common carotid

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28
Q

Term associated with arteries of the lungs

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

29
Q

Term associated with arteries of the right area under collarbone

A

Right subclavian

30
Q

Term associated with arteries of the left area under collarbone

A

Left subclavian

31
Q

Term associated with arteries of the main part of heart

A

Aortic arch

32
Q

Term associated with arteries of the area of the lower spinal section of ribcage

A

Descending thoracic aorta

33
Q

Term associated with arteries of the area of the abdominal

A

Abdominal aorta

34
Q

Term associated with arteries/veins of the top of hip

A

Common iliac

35
Q

Term associated with arteries/veins of the lower hip/top of leg

A

External iliac

36
Q

Term associated with arteries of the backbone

A

Internal iliac

37
Q

Term associated with the veins of the left of neck

A

Internal jugular

38
Q

Term associated with the veins of the LHS top of heart

A

Left brachiocephalic

39
Q

Term associated with the veins of the RHS top of heart

A

Right brachiocephalic

40
Q

Term associated with the veins of the main part of heart

A

Superior vena cava

41
Q

Term associated with the veins of the area under collarbone

A

Subclavian

42
Q

Term associated with the veins of the abdomen

A

Inferior vena cava

43
Q

Term associated with the veins of the arms & legs (many)

A

Superficial

44
Q

Describe the pulmonary circulatory system

A

 Low pressure
 Deoxygenated blood -> RHS heart -> lungs
 Oxygenated blood -> Lungs -> LHS heart
 Pulmonary arteries -> Low O2
 Pulmonary veins -> High O2

45
Q

Describe the direction of blood circulation in terms of circuits.

A 
•	Blood Circulation:
1.	Pulmonary circuit:
	Oxygenated 
	Lungs -> LHS heart -> Organs & tissues -> Capillaries 
2.	Capillaries 
3.	Systemic circuit:
	Deoxygenated
	Capillaries -> RHS heart -> Lungs
46
Q

Describe the stages of vessel in systemic circulation

A

 Artery -> capillary -> vein

47
Q

Describe the stages of vessel in portal circulation

A

 Artery -> capillary -> portal vessel

-> capillary -> vein.

48
Q

Describe the stages in portal circulation, with examples of where this occurs.

A
  • Blood drains -> one capillary bed
    ->Vein -> 2nd capillary bed
    ->Heart.
    Eg. Hypophyseal portal system
     Hypothalmus -> pituitary gland
    Eg. Hepatic portal system
     Gastrointestinal tract -> liver.
49
Q

Describe the stages in the hepatic portal system

A

Hepatic portal system:
Liver:
 Oxygenated blood -> LHS heart -> Abdominal aorta
-> Hepatic artery
 Liver -> respiring cells
 Deoxygenated blood -> RHS heart
-> Inferior vena cava (IVC)
1st Capillary beds:
 Oxygenated blood -> LHS heart ->1st capillary beds
i) Stomach, pancreas, spleen & large intestine
ii) Splenic vein -> Hepatic portal vein.
iii) Small & large intestines, stomach
iv) SMV-> hepatic portal vein -> liver
 Nutrients from 1st capillary beds deposited -> liver
 CO2 from liver collected -> blood from 1st capillary beds
 Deoxygenated blood -> RHS heart -> hepatic vein.

50
Q

Route from the LHS heart to the capillary beds in hepatic portal system?

A 
	LHS heart -> Abdominal aorta -> Hepatic artery 
	1st capillary bed
i)	Stomach, pancreas, spleen & LI
ii)	SI, LI & stomach 
	2nd capillary bed (Liver)
51
Q

Route from the 1st capillary bed to the heart?

A


 1st capillary bed
i) Stomach, pancreas, spleen & LI
-> Splenic vein -> Hepatic portal vein
ii) SI, LI & stomach -> SMV -> Hepatic portal vein
>Hepatic portal vein -> Liver (2nd capillary bed)
-> Hepatic vein -> Heart.

52
Q

Describe foetal circulation

A

Foetal circulation:

  • Specialised
  • Lungs, liver & GI tract -> not sufficiently developed -> foetus
  • > Bypassed.
53
Q

Name the components if lymphatic circulation system

A
  • Network lymphatic vessels
  • Lymph
  • Lymphatic tissues & organs
54
Q

What is the role of the lymphatic circulation system

A

 Defence mechanisms

 Drains interstitial fluid

55
Q

Describe how excess interstitial fluid is removed

A
  1. Fluid -> out of capillary-> interstitial space -> arterial end of capillary
  2. Fluid -> into capillary -> venous end of capillary
    15% fluid remains -> interstitial space
    ->Enters lymphatic system -> lymphatic capillary -> becomes lymph
    ->Returned to blood
56
Q

What are lymph capillaries?

A
  • Lymph capillaries -> Blind-ended tubes

- > adjacent -> capillary beds

57
Q

Outline the process of lymphatic drainage

A

 Lymphatic drainage:
Lymph capillaries -> Lymph vessels -> Lymph nodes -> Lymph trunks
 i) Thoracic duct
ii) Right lymphatic duct

58
Q

Outline what parts of body undergo lymphatic drainage in certain places?

A 
Lymphatic drainage:
-	RHS head, neck , thorax & upper limb
Right lymphatic duct 
Right subclavian vein
-	Rest of body
Thoracic duct 
Left subclavian vein
59
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

• Lymph nodes:
- Encapsulated aggregations -> lymphocytes
-> along lymphatic vessels
- Filter lymph & trap foreign particles
Some particles -> destroyed by macrophages

60
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

• Lymphocytes

 Initiate various immune responses.

61
Q

Name the types of circulation in animals

A

Open
Closed
Double
Single

62
Q

Describe a closed circulatory system, what animals it is found in & why it is beneficial.

A

 Closed system
Blood separated -> interstitial fluid & lymph -> blood vessels.
&raquo_space;Transfer nutrients & oxygen -> blood plasma must exit capillaries to enter interstitial fluid.
Higher pressure
&raquo_space;Found -> larger animals -> require higher pressure to pump blood large distances -> therefore closed system.

63
Q

Describe an open circulatory system, what animals it is found in & why it is beneficial.

A

 Open system
Blood -> (haemolymph) -> travels through blood vessels -> series interconnected tissues -> directly bathes cells.
No veins transport haemolymph back -> heart.
Lower pressure
&raquo_space; Open system only efficient -> distance travelled -> haemolymph -> short
&raquo_space;>Small animals -> insects.

64
Q

Describe a double circulatory system, what animals it is found in & why it is beneficial.

A
  • Single vs. double circulation:
     Double circulation:
    Blood passes through heart twice -> complete 1 full circuit -> body.
65
Q

Describe a single circulatory system, what animals it is found in & why it is beneficial.

A

 Single circulation:
Process:
&raquo_space; Blood leaves heart -> passes through gills -> oxygenated.
&raquo_space; Circulates body -> delivers oxygen to tissues
&raquo_space; Returns -> heart -> venous system.
Advantage
-> Simple heart structure -> 1 atrium & 1 ventricle
Disadvantage
-> Blood must pass through 2 capillary beds -> (gills & peripheral tissues)
before returning -> heart.
>Very low blood pressure.
&raquo_space;Limits availability -> oxygen.

66
Q

Describe the circulatory system in amphibians

A

Double circulation

Amphibians -> 3 chambered heart

67
Q

Describe the circulatory system in reptiles

A

Double circulation
Reptiles -> hole between ventricles
&raquo_space;Can be opened -> movement of blood from RHS->LHS of heart.

68
Q

Describe the circulatory system in birds & mammals.

A

 Birds & mammals:
4 chambered heart
&raquo_space;Blood pumped through lungs -> oxygenated -> heart -> expelled at high pressure -> respiring cells.
&raquo_space;>Blood delivered -> lungs -> low pressure
-> slow movement -> maximal exchange -> oxygen
& delivered -> body -> high pressure.

Body Systems Y1 (22 decks)

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