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Body Systems Y1 > Body Systems L14 Notes > Flashcards

Body Systems L14 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Describe an exception to the normal circumstances regarding pulmonary circulation

A

• In pulmonary circulation
 Decr. O2 & incr. CO2
» Arteriole constriction.
Normal conditions -> pulmonary vessels dilate -> allow blood flow through
capillaries -> absorb oxygen -> delivered back to circulation.
Low O2 conc -> pulmonary vessels constrict -> shunt O2 rich blood -> alveoli
cells of lungs -> preventing O2 rich blood returning -> circulation.

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2
Q

Contrast the responses in pulmonary circulation to that of normal circulation in response to decr. O2 & incr. CO2 conc

A

• In pulmonary circulation
 Decr. O2 & incr. CO2
» Arteriole constriction.
Normal conditions -> pulmonary vessels dilate -> allow blood flow through
capillaries -> absorb oxygen -> delivered back to circulation.
Low O2 conc -> pulmonary vessels constrict -> shunt O2 rich blood -> alveoli
cells of lungs -> preventing O2 rich blood returning -> circulation.

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3
Q

Describe the characteristics of coronary circulation

A

• Coronary circulation:
 No. of mediators associated with constriction / relaxation of blood vessels supplying blood tissues.
 Mechanical
 Metabolic
 Neural
 Hormonal
 Paracrine
 Total peripheral resistance of blood vessels
 Under control -> sympathetic nervous system -> autonomic control of blood
vessels.
&raquo_space; Form of Regulation dependent -> Expression -> alpha / beta adrenergic
receptors.

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4
Q

List the mediators involved in coronary circulation and what their functions are

A 
•	Coronary circulation:
	No. of mediators associated with constriction / relaxation of blood vessels supplying blood tissues. 
	Mechanical 
	Metabolic
	Neural 
	Hormonal 
	Paracrine

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5
Q

Describe the total peripheral resistance of blood vessels in the coronary circulation

A

 Total peripheral resistance of blood vessels
 Under control -> sympathetic nervous system -> autonomic control of blood
vessels.
&raquo_space; Form of Regulation dependent -> Expression -> alpha / beta adrenergic
receptors.

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6
Q

List factors involved in endocrine responses to integrated control of blood flow & what consequences they incur

A

• Endocrine Responses -> Integrated control of Blood flow:
 Vasoconstriction -> incr. blood pressure
 Aldosterone -> incr. blood volume
 Erythropoietin -> incr. blood volume
» Incr. vol. red blood cells
 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -> incr. blood volume
» Incr. thirst -> fluid intake.

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7
Q

Describe endocrine response to integrated control of blood flow when there is inadequate autoregulation of low blood pressure

A

When inadequate autoregulation of low blood pressure.
 Liver produces angiotensinogen -> circulates blood.
- Low blood pressure -> detected by kidneys
» Release renin
- Renin binds -> angiotensinogen -> circulation
» Angiotensin I
If sufficiently low blood pressure -> conc. angiotensin I reaches threshold
-> activation of angiotensin II production.
» Angiotensin II produced -> interaction -> angiotensinogen & angiotensin
converting enzymes -> lungs.
> Released -> circulation.
- Angiotensin II binds –
 Angiotensin receptors -> blood vessels
» Vasoconstriction
 Angiotensin receptors -> adrenal cortex
» Production -> aldosterone.
- Aldosterone stimulates kidney
 Incr. Na+ retention through transporters -> epithelial cells of distal collective
tubules.
» Movement -> water -> follows by osmosis.
> Incr. blood volume & venous return
–> Counters fall in blood pressure.

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8
Q

Describe formation of Angiotensin I

A

Liver produces angiotensinogen -> circulates blood.
- Low blood pressure -> detected by kidneys
» Release renin
- Renin binds -> angiotensinogen -> circulation
» Angiotensin I

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9
Q

Describe formation of Angiotensin II

A

If sufficiently low blood pressure -> conc. angiotensin I reaches threshold
-> activation of angiotensin II production.
» Angiotensin II produced -> interaction -> angiotensinogen & angiotensin
converting enzymes -> lungs.
> Released -> circulation.

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10
Q

Describe the role of angiotensin II in the endocrine response to integrated control of blood flow when there is inadequate autoregulation of low blood pressure

A
  • Angiotensin II binds –
     Angiotensin receptors -> blood vessels
    » Vasoconstriction
     Angiotensin receptors -> adrenal cortex
    » Production -> aldosterone.
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11
Q

Describe the role of aldosterone in the endocrine response to integrated control of blood flow when there is inadequate autoregulation of low blood pressure

A
  • Aldosterone stimulates kidney
     Incr. Na+ retention through transporters -> epithelial cells of distal collective
    tubules.
    » Movement -> water -> follows by osmosis.
    > Incr. blood volume & venous return
    –> Counters fall in blood pressure.
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12
Q

Describe the endocrine response to integrated control of blood flow when there is high blood pressure

A

• Endocrine Response -> Integrated Control -> High Blood Pressure:
 Incr. blood pressure & volume
- High Blood pressure -> detected by specialised cells -> heart.
» Releases natriuretic peptides
- Some peptides
 Incr. loss -> Na+
-> via transporters of epithelia in kidney cells
&raquo_space; Movement of water -> follows -> down osmotic gradient
> Decr. blood volume
 Directly incr. water loss -> act on aquaporins in kidney epithelia
&raquo_space; Decr. blood volume
 Block action -> hormones
Eg. ADH, Aldosterone / parts -> Sympathetic nervous system
&raquo_space; Decr. blood pressure
 Peripheral vasodilation
&raquo_space; Decr. blood pressure.

        ->> Collectively reduce blood pressure.
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13
Q

Describe the role of natriuretic peptides produced by specialised cells of the heart in response to integrated control of blood flow when there is high blood pressure

A
  • Some peptides
     Incr. loss -> Na+
    -> via transporters of epithelia in kidney cells
    &raquo_space; Movement of water -> follows -> down osmotic gradient
    > Decr. blood volume
     Directly incr. water loss -> act on aquaporins in kidney epithelia
    &raquo_space; Decr. blood volume
     Block action -> hormones
    Eg. ADH, Aldosterone / parts -> Sympathetic nervous system
    &raquo_space; Decr. blood pressure
     Peripheral vasodilation
    &raquo_space; Decr. blood pressure.
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14
Q

Describe the exchange of molecules into & out of capillaries

A

• Capillary Structure & Exchange:
 Exchange:
 Molecules diffuse ; RBCs (arterial blood) -> Body cells
Eg. Water, O2 , Amino acids, Glucose & ions.
 Molecules diffuse ; Body cells -> RBCs (venous blood)
Eg. Water, CO2, waste molecules & ions.

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15
Q

What is the equation for the net filtration pressure?

A

 Net Filtration Pressure = Net Hydrostatic Pressure – Net Colloid Osmotic Pressure

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16
Q

What is the net filtration pressure?

A

Overall exertion of forces on capillaries

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17
Q

What are the principles of net filtration pressure?

A

 Principals:
 Capillary hydrostatic pressure -> tends to force -> water & solutes
»Capillaries -> interstitial fluid surrounding tissues.
 Capillary hydrostatic pressure opposed -> hydrostatic pressure
-> extracellular fluid
» Formed as a result of colloid osmotic pressures

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18
Q

Describe the net filtration pressure

A

• Net Filtration Pressure:
 Net Filtration Pressure = Net Hydrostatic Pressure – Net Colloid Osmotic Pressure
 Principals:
 Capillary hydrostatic pressure -> tends to force -> water & solutes
»Capillaries -> interstitial fluid surrounding tissues.
 Capillary hydrostatic pressure opposed -> hydrostatic pressure
-> extracellular fluid
» Formed as a result of colloid osmotic pressures
Overall exertion of forces on capillaries -> Net filtration pressure.

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19
Q

What is the equation for net hydrostatic pressure?

A

• Net Hydrostatic Pressure = Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
[ - Hydrostatic Pressure of Interstitial Fluid (IHP) ]

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20
Q

Describe the net hydrostatic pressure & hydrostatic pressure values

A

• Net Hydrostatic Pressure = Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
[ - Hydrostatic Pressure of Interstitial Fluid (IHP) ]

• Hydrostatic Pressure Values:
 Blood pressure of capillaries declines along length -> capillary bed.
»Pressure gradient along capillary network.
> Impacts rate -> filtration.
 Net Hydrostatic Pressure = Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP) – Hydrostatic Pressure of Interstitial Fluid (IHP)
 Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
Arterial -> 35mmHg
Venous -> 18mmHg
 Hydrostatic Pressure -> Interstitial Fluid
 0mmHg
Since IHP = 0mmHg
 Net Hydrostatic Pressure = Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)

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21
Q

What are the values of capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

 Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
Arterial -> 35mmHg
Venous -> 18mmHg

22
Q

What is the value of hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid?

A

Venous -> 18mmHg
 Hydrostatic Pressure -> Interstitial Fluid
 0mmHg

23
Q

Describe why hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid can be disregarded in terms of the net hydrostatic pressure

A

 Hydrostatic Pressure -> Interstitial Fluid
 0mmHg
Since IHP = 0mmHg
 Net Hydrostatic Pressure = Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)

24
Q

What is the eqn for the net colloid osmotic pressure?

A

• Net Colloid Osmotic Pressure = Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)
[ – Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure (ICOP)]

25
Q

Describe net colloid osmotic pressure & its values

A

• Colloid Osmotic Pressure Values:
 Osmotic pressure differences -> boundaries of capillaries.
 Net Colloid Osmotic Pressure = Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) – Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure (ICOP)
 Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP):
 25mmHg
 Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure (ICOP)
 Interstitial fluid contains few proteins in suspension
&raquo_space; Low & Negligible value.
-> Insignificant impact -> Net colloid osmotic pressure.
 Net Colloid Osmotic Pressure = Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)

26
Q

Describe why the Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure can be disregarded in terms of the net colloid osmotic pressure

A

 Net Colloid Osmotic Pressure = Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) – Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure (ICOP)
 Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP):
 25mmHg
 Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure (ICOP)
 Interstitial fluid contains few proteins in suspension
&raquo_space; Low & Negligible value.
-> Insignificant impact -> Net colloid osmotic pressure.
 Net Colloid Osmotic Pressure = Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)

27
Q

What is the eqn for the net filtration pressure?

A

• Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) = Net Hydrostatic Pressure – Net Colloid Osmotic Pressure

28
Q

What is the eqn and value for the Net hydrostatic pressure?

A

Net Hydrostatic Pressure = Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
[ - Hydrostatic Pressure of Interstitial Fluid (IHP) ]
&raquo_space; 18-35mmHg

29
Q

What is the eqn and value for the Net Colloid Osmotic Pressure?

A

 Net Colloid Osmotic Pressure = Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)
[ – Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure (ICOP)]
&raquo_space; ~25mmHg

30
Q

Describe the dynamics of capillary exchange at arterial ends of the capillary network

A

• Dynamics of capillary exchange:
 Arterial end
 High hydrostatic pressure -> forces fluid out capillary network
&raquo_space; Opposed -> high osmotic potential gradient
 Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP) -> 35mmHg
 Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) -> 25mmHg
-» CHP > BCOP
-» Net filtration pressure -> +10mmHg
&raquo_space; Forces fluid & dissolved substances out -> capillary network
 Significant rate of filtration -> 24 L/day

31
Q

Describe the factors effecting capillary exchange at arterial ends of the capillary network

A

High hydrostatic pressure -> forces fluid out capillary network
&raquo_space; Opposed -> high osmotic potential gradient

32
Q

What is the net filtration pressure of the blood at arterial ends of capillaries? What does this value mean and what is the associated rate of filtration?

A

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP) -> 35mmHg
 Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) -> 25mmHg
-» CHP > BCOP
-» Net filtration pressure -> +10mmHg
&raquo_space; Forces fluid & dissolved substances out -> capillary network
 Significant rate of filtration -> 24 L/day

33
Q

Describe the dynamics of capillary exchange at venous ends of the capillary network

A

 Venous end
 Hydrostatic pressure decline -> incr. distance -> heart
 Same osmotic potential
 Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP) -> 18mmHg
 Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) -> 25mmHg
-» CHP < BCOP
-» Net Filtration Pressure -> -7mmHg
&raquo_space;Movement of fluid -> into capillary network
 Significant Rate of reabsorption -> 20.4 L/Day

34
Q

Describe the factors effecting capillary exchange at venous ends of the capillary network

A

 Hydrostatic pressure decline -> incr. distance -> heart

 Same osmotic potential

35
Q

What is the net filtration pressure of the blood at venous ends of capillaries? What does this value mean and what is the associated rate of filtration?

A

 Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP) -> 18mmHg
 Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) -> 25mmHg
-» CHP < BCOP
-» Net Filtration Pressure -> -7mmHg
&raquo_space;Movement of fluid -> into capillary network
 Significant Rate of reabsorption -> 20.4 L/Day

36
Q

What happens to the net difference in water from rate of filtration & absorption

A

 Net difference in water -> Rate of filtration & absorption
Collected -> Lymphatic System

37
Q

Describe the characteristics of the centre of the capillary network and the effects of this on net filtration pressure

A

 Centre -> Capillary Network
Approx. centre -> capillary network
->Equal values -> CHP & BCOP -> Net filtration pressure = 0.
-> No net movement -> fluid.
 Max filtration pressure always greater -> max absorption pressure
&raquo_space; Point at which net filtration pressure = 0
-> further towards venous end -> capillary
-» More filtration than absorption along capillary.
¬-» Enables provision -> tissues with required molecules over greater
distance -> capillary network
> Rapid reabsorption -> molecules & waste products -> venous end.

38
Q

Describe the net filtration value of fluid at the centre of the capillary network and the advantages of this

A

 Centre -> Capillary Network
Approx. centre -> capillary network
->Equal values -> CHP & BCOP -> Net filtration pressure = 0.
-> No net movement -> fluid.
 Max filtration pressure always greater -> max absorption pressure
&raquo_space; Point at which net filtration pressure = 0
-> further towards venous end -> capillary
-» More filtration than absorption along capillary.
¬-» Enables provision -> tissues with required molecules over greater
distance -> capillary network
> Rapid reabsorption -> molecules & waste products -> venous end.

39
Q

Describe the disadvantage of characteristics of the centre of the capillary network in terms of movement of tissue fluid when high blood pressure

A 
•	High blood pressure &amp; capillary exchange:
If:
	Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure high
	Blood Calloid Osmotic Pressure low 
    Fluid balance altered
      >> Net exit -> Peripheral tissue 
                Fluid collects ->  extremities
                  >> Systemic oedema
40
Q

Describe the values of the net filtration pressure of fluid in the pulmonary capillaries and values of any factors involved in creation of this pressure

A

• Pulmonary capillary exchange:
 Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure -> 10mmHg
 Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure -> 25mmHg
 Net Filtration Pressure -> -15mmHg

41
Q

Describe why the pulmonary capillary values of hydrostatic pressure are different to that of normal capillaries

A

 Hydrostatic pressure -> lung capillary network much lower -> normal networks.
&raquo_space; Lower pulmonary arterial blood pressure (~10mmHg)
compared -> systemic blood pressure (35mmHg)
 Lung tissue requires gas exchange over entire period -> cardiac output.
» Arteries of lung capillary network diff structure to normal.
 Low pulmonary vascular resistance
&raquo_space; Arterioles -> thinner, wider & shorter
&raquo_space;Elastin -> thinner walls & less elastin.
-» Enables incr. distensibility

42
Q

Describe the advantage of incr. distensibility in pulmonary capillaries in relation to exchange of substances

A

 Incr. distensibility
 Better absorption -> pressure waves -> cardiac pressure.
&raquo_space; Ability -> accommodate incr. cardiac output without sig. pressure changes.
 Capillary network -> pulmonary circulation can absorb oxygen across entire
length of capillary network.
&raquo_space; Prevents interference -> gas diffusion.

43
Q

Describe pulmonary capillary exchange in terms of pressure gradients etc

A

• Pulmonary capillary exchange:
 Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure -> 10mmHg
 Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure -> 25mmHg
 Net Filtration Pressure -> -15mmHg

 Hydrostatic pressure -> lung capillary network much lower -> normal networks.
&raquo_space; Lower pulmonary arterial blood pressure (~10mmHg)
compared -> systemic blood pressure (35mmHg)
 Lung tissue requires gas exchange over entire period -> cardiac output.
» Arteries of lung capillary network diff structure to normal.
 Low pulmonary vascular resistance
&raquo_space; Arterioles -> thinner, wider & shorter
&raquo_space;Elastin -> thinner walls & less elastin.
-» Enables incr. distensibility
 Incr. distensibility
 Better absorption -> pressure waves -> cardiac pressure.
&raquo_space; Ability -> accommodate incr. cardiac output without sig. pressure changes.
 Capillary network -> pulmonary circulation can absorb oxygen across entire
length of capillary network.
&raquo_space; Prevents interference -> gas diffusion.

44
Q

Describe high blood pressure & it’s effects on pulmonary circulation

A

• High Blood Pressure & Pulmonary Circulation:
 Net Hydrostatic pressure -> Pulmonary circulation -> much lower
- Disadvantage -> Hypertensive individual
» Incr. capillary hydrostatic pressure
-» Results in absorption -> fluid -> alveoli of lungs
> Affects respiration.

45
Q

Describe why low hydrostatic pressure of pulmonary circulation is disadvantageous in some cases

A

• High Blood Pressure & Pulmonary Circulation:
 Net Hydrostatic pressure -> Pulmonary circulation -> much lower
- Disadvantage -> Hypertensive individual
» Incr. capillary hydrostatic pressure
-» Results in absorption -> fluid -> alveoli of lungs
> Affects respiration.

46
Q

Describe control of blood flow in the brain

A

• Control -> Blood Flow -> Brain:
 Consumes 12% Cardiac output for 2% body mass
» Mass of tissue
 Neurons -> poor reserve capacity -> metabolites.
 4 arteries supply brain & anastomoses -> cranium
 Blood flow constant & preserved
» Even in emergencies.
 Peripheral constriction & cerebral vasodilation
» During temporary loss -> arterial supply -> circulation -> Central nervous system unaffected.

47
Q

Describe blood flow in the brain

A

• Control -> Blood Flow -> Brain:
 Consumes 12% Cardiac output for 2% body mass
» Mass of tissue
 Neurons -> poor reserve capacity -> metabolites.
 4 arteries supply brain & anastomoses -> cranium
 Blood flow constant & preserved
» Even in emergencies.
 Peripheral constriction & cerebral vasodilation
» During temporary loss -> arterial supply -> circulation -> Central nervous system unaffected.

48
Q

Describe coronary circulation of blood flow of the heart

A

• Coronary Circulation -> Blood Flow -> Heart:
 Requires:
 Constant maintenance -> O2 supply
&raquo_space; Sufficient O2 -> cardiac demand.
 Coronary blood flow varies throughout cardiac cycle
» Influenced -> Heart Rate
 Constriction -> coronary arteries during cardiac cycle
» Interruption -> blood flow.
 High capillary density
» High O2 extraction capacity (70%)
 Few arterial collateral interconnections -> capillaries.
 Adrenaline
 Promotes vasodilation -> coronary vessels
&raquo_space; Incr. heart rate & myocardial contraction strength
 Coronary blood flow incr. when vasoconstriction predominant -> other parts of
body.

49
Q

Describe maintenance of blood flow in coronary circulation of heart

A

• Coronary Circulation -> Blood Flow -> Heart:
 Requires:
 Constant maintenance -> O2 supply
&raquo_space; Sufficient O2 -> cardiac demand.
 Coronary blood flow varies throughout cardiac cycle
» Influenced -> Heart Rate
 Constriction -> coronary arteries during cardiac cycle
» Interruption -> blood flow.
 High capillary density
» High O2 extraction capacity (70%)
 Few arterial collateral interconnections -> capillaries.

50
Q

Describe the role of adrenaline in coronary circulation of heart

A

Adrenaline
 Promotes vasodilation -> coronary vessels
&raquo_space; Incr. heart rate & myocardial contraction strength
 Coronary blood flow incr. when vasoconstriction predominant -> other parts of
body.

51
Q

Describe characteristics to consider when calculating the net hydrostatic pressure

A

 Blood pressure of capillaries declines along length -> capillary bed.
»Pressure gradient along capillary network.
> Impacts rate -> filtration.

Body Systems Y1 (22 decks)

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