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Biology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasma

A 
Pale yellow liquid 
90% water
Proteins
Dissolved minerals 
Hormones
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2
Q

Function of plasma

A

Transports dissolved substances,e.g. glucose, amino acids, urea

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3
Q

Red blood cells

A

Made in the bone marrow and Broken down in spleen
Biconcave Discs with Large surface area
Thin membrane for easy diffusion
No nucleus
Contains haemoglobin (02) -> iron
Life span is 4 months
Smaller than average cells to fit through capillaries

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4
Q

Function of red blood cells

A

Transport oxygen

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5
Q

White blood cells

A 
Larger than red blood cells
No definite shape 
Nucleus and mitochondria
Made in bone marrow
Mature in lymph
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6
Q

Lymphocytes

A

25% of white blood cells
Stored in lymph
Large rounded nuclei with large surface area
Make antibodies to immobilize pathogens

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7
Q

Monocytes

A

5% of white blood cells
Largest type
Large, kidney-shaped nucleus
Engulf pathogens through phagocytosis

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8
Q

Platelets

A

Small cell fragments of megacytes
Produced in bone marrow
Clot the blood

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9
Q

Function of platelets

A

Clot the blood

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10
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transport ,e.g. O2, CO2, food, hormones, heat
Defense against disease
Regulation of body temperature

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11
Q

Importance of blood groups

A 
Blood transfusions
Blood is mixed incorrectly:
Antibodies react with antigens in donated blood
Blood clumps
May result in death
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12
Q

Rhesus factor

A

Rhesus negative mother carries rhesus positive baby
Mothers blood produces antibodies
Maternal anti-d crosses placenta membrane and attacks red blood cells of foetus
Results in anaemia
An injection which a given period of time delays red blood cells in her circulation

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13
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Heart pumps blood into vessels that are opened
Blood flows around all the cells of the body
Insects

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14
Q

Blood

A

Tissue composed of cells bathed in a fluid called plasma

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15
Q

Vein thrombosis

A

When platelets form an unwanted clot, especially deep within the veins of the legs

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16
Q

What is the most common blood grouping system

A

ABO system out of 30 blood grouping systems

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17
Q

Role of antibodies

A

To inactivate antigens

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18
Q

Lymphocytes are split into

A

B cells

T cells

19
Q

Function of B cells

A

Produce antibodies

20
Q

Types of T-Cells

A

Helper
Killer
Suppressor
Memory

21
Q

Function of helper T-cells

A

Recognize antigen
Secrete interferon
Stimulate the production of B cells
Activate killer cells

22
Q

Function of Killer T-cells

A

Attack infected cells

Secrete perforin

23
Q

Function of suppressor T cells

A

Stop immune responses

24
Q

Function of memory T-Cells

A

Remember antigens they have been exposed to

Long term protection

25
Q

General defence system

A

Defend us against all pathogens

e.g. skin, mucus

26
Q

Examples of general defence

A
  • Skin acts as a barrier
  • Clotting prevents entry of pathogens
  • Mucus in respiratory system traps pathogens
  • Hydrochloric acid destroys pathogens
27
Q

What are large phagocytes (white blood cell) is called

A

Macrophage

28
Q

Complement

A

A set of proteins in plasma

Activated by infection and causes cell walls of bacteria to burst

29
Q

Interferons

A

Set of proteins in plasma
Become infected by viruses
Prevent multiplying of viruses

30
Q

Inflammation

A

Heat, redness and swelling around the site of infection

31
Q

Specific defense (immune system)

A

Acts against one type of antigen or pathogen

32
Q

Antigen

A

A foreign substance that stimulates the production of antigens

33
Q

Antibody

A

A protein produced by white blood cells in response to an antigen

34
Q

How Antibodies are Produced

A
  • Monocytes recognize antigens on the surface of pathogens
  • Monocytes surround and digest pathogens and display antigens on their outer surface
  • Antigens stimulate lymphocytes to multiply and produce antibodies
  • Each Antibody engulf an antigen
35
Q

How do to Antibodies inactivate Antigens

A
  • Antibodies prevent the bacteria and viruses from entering cells
  • Antigen-containing cells clump and phagocytes destroy antigen
  • The complement system causes the pathogen cells to burst
36
Q

Permanent Immunity

A
  • On an infection is gone Lymphocytes that made the antibody live for many years
  • For another infection, the lymphocytes produces antibodies quicker in great numbers
37
Q

B-Cells

A

Made in bone marrow
Mature in bone marrow
Move to lymph nodes

38
Q

T-Cells

A

Made in bone marrow

Mature in thymus gland in chest

39
Q

Induced Immunity

A

Ability to produce antibodies against specific antigens

• Active and Passive

40
Q

Active Immunity

A

Body produces its own antibodies

41
Q

Types of ACTIVE Induced Immunity

A

Natural - The body’s natural way of responding to an antigen’s entry
Artificial - Injecting or ingesting small doses of non-reproductive antigen e.g. vaccination

42
Q

Vaccine

A

A non-reproductive dose of an antigen designed to stimulate antibodies

43
Q

Passive induced immunity

A

When antibodies pass from one organism to another (usually from mother to body)

44
Q

Types of PASSIVE induced immunity

A

Natural - Antibodies from mother to child

Artificial - Antibodies are injected, e.g. tetanus jab

Biology (38 decks)

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