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Fall 2016 > Biology-Chapter 4 & 5 > Flashcards

Biology-Chapter 4 & 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A

States that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from earlier cells.

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2
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Are found in organisms of the domains bacteria and Archaea, known as prokaryotes

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3
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Organisms of the domain Eukarya- including protists, plants, fungi, and animals-are composed of this.

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4
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

All cells are bounded by this barrier, which regulates the traffic of molecules between the cell and its surroundings

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5
Q

Cytosol

A

Jellylike fluid, cellular components are suspended

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

All cells have one or more of these, carrying genes made of DNA

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7
Q

Ribosomes

A

All cells have this, Build proteins according to the instructions from the genes

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8
Q

Name for structures found in both prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

A

Plasma membrane, chromosomes, cytosol, and ribosomes

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9
Q

How is the nucleic region different from the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

A

There is no membrane enclosing the prokaryotic nucleoid region.

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10
Q

Organelles

A

Eukaryotic cells have this, Membrane enclosed structures that preform specific functions, and prokaryote cells do not.

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

Which houses most of a eukaryotic cell’s DNA, surrounded by a double membrane.

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12
Q

Nucleoid

A

A prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus, its DNA is coiled into a nucleus like region

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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The region of the cell outside the nucleus and within the plasma membrane

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14
Q

Name three structures in plant cells that animal cells lack?

A

Chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and a cell wall

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15
Q

Name two structures that may be found in animal cells but not in plant cells

A

Centrioles and lysosomes

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16
Q

What polysaccharide is the primary component of plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose

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17
Q

What function does the organization of phospholipids into a bilayer in water serve?

A

The bilayer structure shields the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids from water while exposing the hydrophilic heads to water.

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18
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Phospholipids grouped together to form a two layer sheet

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19
Q

Fluid Mosaic

A

Fluid because the molecules can move freely past one another and mosaic because o the diversity of the proteins that float like icebergs in the phospholipid sea.

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20
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Animal cells that lack a cell wall, but most animal cells secrete a sticky coat called this. Fibers made of the protein collagen hold cells together in tissues and can also have protective and supportive functions.

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21
Q

What is the relationship between chromosomes, chromatin, and DNA?

A

Chromosomes are made of chromatin, which is a combination of DNA and proteins.

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22
Q

Chromatin

A

Within the nucleus, long DNA molecules and associated proteins form fibers called this.

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23
Q

Nucleolus

A

A prominent structure within the nucleus, is the site where the components of ribosomes are made.

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24
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

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25
Q

What is the role of mRNA in making a protein?

A

A molecule of mRNA carries the genetic message from a gene to ribosomes that translate into a protein.

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26
Q

Vesicles

A

Linked by this, transfer membrane segments between organelles

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27
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacules

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28
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

One of the main manufacturing facilities within a cells. Producess an enormous variety of molecules.

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29
Q

Rough ER

A

Refers to ribosomes that stud the outside of its membrane. Function is to make more membranes

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30
Q

Transport Vesicles

A

Sacs made of membrane that bud off from the rough ER

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31
Q

Smooth ER

A

Refers to the fact that this organelle lacks the ribosomes that populate the surface of rough ER

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32
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

An organelle that receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell

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33
Q

What makes rough ER rough?

A

Ribosomes attached to the membrane

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34
Q

What is the relationship between the Golgi Apparatus and the ER in a protein-secreting cell?

A

The golgi apparatus receives proteins from the ER via vesicles, processes the proteins, and then dispatches them in vesicles

35
Q

How can defective lysosomes result in excess accumulation of a particular chemical compound in a cell?

A

If the lysosome lack an enzyme needed to break down the compound, the cell will accumulate an excess of that compound.

36
Q

Central Vacuole

A

A versatile compartment that can account for more than half the volume of a mature plant cell

37
Q

Place the following cellular structures in the order they would be used in the production and secretion of a protein: Golgi apparatus, nucleus, plasma membrane, ribosome, transport vesicle.

A

Nucleus, ribosome, transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane.

38
Q

What does photosynthesis accomplish?

A

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy stored in food molecules

39
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A process that converts the chemical energy of sugars and other food molecules to chemical energy in the form of ATP

40
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Which are unique to photosynthetic cells of plants and algae, are the organelles that perform photosynthesis.

41
Q

Mitochondria

A

Are the organelles in which cellular respiration takes place, during cellular respiration, energy is harvested from sugars and transformed into another form of chemical energy called ATP.

42
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. Serves as both a skeleton and muscles for the cell, functioning in support and movement.

43
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow tubes of protein

44
Q

From which important class of biological molecules are the microtubules of the cytoskeleton made?

A

Protein

45
Q

Compare and contrast cilia and flagella

A

Cilia and flagella have the same basic structure, are made from microtubules, and help move cells or move fluid over cells . Cilia are short and numerous and more back and forth. Flagella are longer, often occurring singly, and they undulate.

46
Q

Cilia

A

Are generally shorter and more numerous than flagella and more in a coordinated back and forth motion.

47
Q

Flagella

A

Propel cells with an undulating, whiplike motion.

48
Q

Can an object at rest have energy ?

A

Yes, it can have potential energy because of its location or structure.

49
Q

Which form of energy is most randomized and difficult to put to work?

A

Heat

50
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy of motion, Chemical energy from food is converted to this.

51
Q

Conservation of energy

A

Explains that it is not possible to destroy or create energy.

52
Q

Potential energy

A

The kinetic energy of muscle movement is stored as this, the energy an object has because of its location or structure.

53
Q

Entropy

A

Is a measure of the amount of disorder, or randomness, in a system.

54
Q

Heat

A

A type of kinetic energy contained in the random motion of atoms and molecules.

55
Q

Chemical Energy

A

The molecules of food, gasoline, and other fuels have form of potential energy called this, which arises from the arrangement of atoms and can be released by a chemical reaction.

56
Q

Calorie

A

The amount of energy that can raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1’c.

57
Q

ATP

A

Consists of an organic molecule called adenosine plus a tail of three phosphate groups

58
Q

Explain how ATP powers cellular work?

A

ATP transfers a phosphate to another molecule, increasing that molecules energy

59
Q

What is the source of energy for regenerating ATP from ADP?

A

Chemical energy harvested from sugars and other organic fuels via cellular respiration

60
Q

How does an enzyme affect the activation energy pf a chemical reaction?

A

An enzyme lowers the activation energy

61
Q

Metabolism

A

The total of all the chemical reactions in an organism

62
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by those reactions.

63
Q

Activation Energy

A

The energy that must be invested to start a reaction , it activates the reactants and triggers the chemical reaction

64
Q

How does an enzyme recognize its substrate?

A

The substrate and the enzyme’s active site are complementary in shape and chemistry

65
Q

Substrate

A

Selectivity is based on the enzymes ability to reorganize a certain reactant molecule which is called an enzymes substrate.

66
Q

Induced fit

A

The entry of the substrate induces the enzyme to change shape slightly, making the fit between substrate and active site snugger.

67
Q

Enzyme Inhibitors

A

Are substrate imposters that plug up the active site

68
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules spreading out evenly into the available space.

69
Q

What molecule is the usual energy source for active transport?

A

ATP

70
Q

Exocytosis

A

During protein production by the cell, secretory proteins exit the cell from transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, spilling the contents outside the cell.

71
Q

Endocytosis

A

A cell takes material in via vesicles that bud inward

72
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cellular eating, a cell engulfs a particle and packages it within a food vacuole

73
Q

Active transport

A

Requires that a cell expends energy to move molecules across a membrane.

74
Q

An animal cell shrivels when it is ___ compared with its environment?

A

Hypotonic

75
Q

The cells of a wilted plant are__compared with their environments?

A

Isotonic

76
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The control of water balance

77
Q

Hypertonic

A

The solution with a higher concentration of solute is said to be this

78
Q

Hypotonic

A

The solution with the lower solute concentration is said to be this.

79
Q

Solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a liquid solvent, and the resulting mixed is called a solution.

80
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

81
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Substances that do not cross membranes spontaneously- or otherwise cross very slowly - can be transported via proteins that act as corridors for specific molecules. this assisted transport is called this.

82
Q

Passive transport

A

The cell doesn’t expend any energy for the diffusion to happen. Ex: diffusion of dye across a membrane

83
Q

Concentration gradient

A

In passive transport, a substance diffuses down its concentrated gradient , from where the substance is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated.

84
Q

Why is facilitated diffusion a form of passive transport?

A

It uses proteins to transport materials down a concentration gradient without expending energy.

Fall 2016 (32 decks)

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