Biology-Chapter 3 Flashcards
Chemical Reactions that build polymers from___ are called___ reactions because they release a molecule of water.
Monomers, dehydration
The reverse type of reaction, one that breaks larger molecules down into smaller molecules, is called___
Hydrolysis
Organic Compounds
The study of carbon-based molecules, lies at the heart of any study of life.
Functional Groups
In an organic compound the groups of atoms directly involved in chemical reactions.
Macromolecules
Are made up of polymers and monomers and become big.
Polymers
Large molecules strung together many smaller molecules Monomers
Dehydration Reaction
Cells link monomers together to form a polymer
Hydrolysis
The breakdown of polymers occurs by this process
Carbohydrates
A class of molecules that includes sugars and polymers of sugars
Monosaccharides
Are the monomers of carbohydrates, they cannot be broken down into smaller sugars.
All carbohydrates consist of one or more__, also called simple sugars. Name two examples of simple sugars.
Monosacchairides, glucose and frutose
Why does glucose and fructose have the same formula but different properties?
Different arrangements of atoms affect molecular shape and properties
Disaccharide
Constructed from two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
pOLYSACCHARIDES
Complex carbohydrates, are long chains of sugars-polymers of monosaccharides
Starch
Consists of long strings of glucose monomers
Glycogen
Animals store excess glucose in the form of a polysaccharide
How and why do manufacturers produce HFCS?
They convert glucose to the sweeter fructose, HFCS is cheaper and more easily blended with processed foods.
Cellulose
The most abundant organic compound on earth,forms cable like fibrous in the tough walls that close plant cells and is a major component of wood and other structural components of plants.
Hydrophilic
Molecules that dissolve readily in water. ( water loving)
Hydrophobic
(Water fearing) do not mix with water, lipids are this
Fat
Consists of a glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules by dehydration reactions, the end result is a triglyceride
Unsaturated
Fatty acid, it has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens at the double bond.
Saturated
They contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, giving them a straight shape.
What are unsaturated fats? What kinds of unsaturated fat are particularly unhealthy? What kinds of unsaturated fat are most healthful?
Fats with less than the maximum number of hydrogen bonds between some carbons, trans fats, fats containing omega-3 fatty acids.
Hydrogenation
Manufacturers convert unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen .
Trans fats
A type of unsaturated fat that is particularly bad for your health.
Steroids
Lipids that are very different from fats in structure and function, have a carbon skeleton with four fused rings.
What steroid acts as the molecular building block of the human steroid hormones?
Cholestrol
Which of the following is not made of protien, hair muscle, cellulose, or enzymes?
Cellulose is a carbohydrate
What are monomers of all proteins? What is the one part of an amino acid that varies?
Amino acids, the side chain
Amino acid
Consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners.
Peptide Bond
The bond that joins adjacent amino acids
Polypeptide
The resulting long chain of amino acid
How can changing an amino acid alter the function of a portion?
Changing an amino acid may alter the shape of the protein, which changes its function.
DNA
Where all genetic material resides,stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
ribonucleic acid, help translate DNA from an nucleic acid language to a portion language.
Nucleic Acids
Are macromolecules that store information and provide the instructions for building proteins.
Gene
A unit of inheritance encoded in a specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
Nucleotides
Nucleic acids are polymers made from monomers
What are the four possible nitrogenous bases?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.
Sugar-Phosphate Backbone
a repeating pattern of sugar-phospate, sugar-phospate, with the bases (A,T,C, OR G) hanging off th e backbone like appendages.
Double helix
A molecule of cellular DNA is double-stranded, with two polynucleotide strands coiled around each other to form this.
DNA contains___ polynucleotide strands, each composed of ___kinds of nucleotides.
Two, four
If one DNA strand has the sequence GAATGC, what is the sequence of the other strand?
CTTACG
