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Fall 2016 > Biology- Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Biology- Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular Biology

A

The study of heredity at the molecular level

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2
Q

Nucleotides

A

Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, which consist of long chains ( polymers) of chemical units (monomers) called this.

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3
Q

Polynucleotides

A

Can be very long and may have any sequence of the four different types of nucleotides ( A, C, T, AND G)

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4
Q

Sugar - Phosphate Backbone

A

The result of repeating pattern of sugar phosphate sugar phosphate, which is known as this. When nucleotides are joined together by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next.

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5
Q

DNA

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid , with nucleic referring to DNA’s location in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.

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6
Q

The bases of DNA can be divided into two types:

A

Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) : single-ring structures

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) : are larger, double-ring structures.

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7
Q

RNA contains what instead of Thymine?

A

It contains Uracil (U), and the R in RNA stands for Ribose

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8
Q

Compare and Contrast the chemical components of DNA and RNA.

A

Both are polymers of nucleotides ( a sugar + a nitrogenous base + a phosphate group ). In RNA, the sugar is ribose; in DNA, it is deoxyribose. Both RNA and DNA, have the bases A, G, and C, but DNA has T and RNA has U.

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9
Q

Double Helix

A

The thickness of the helix suggested that it was made up of two polynucleotide strands.

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10
Q

How does complementary base pairing make DNA replication possible ?

A

When the two strands of the double helix separate, each serves as a template on which nucleotides can be arranged by specific base pairing into new complementary strands.

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11
Q

What enzymes connect nucleotides together during DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerases

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12
Q

DNA Polymerases

A

The enzymes that make the covalent bonds between the nucleotides of a new DNA strand.

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13
Q

What are transcription and translation ?

A

Transcription is the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA. Translation is the use of the information in an RNA molecule for the synthesis of a polypeptide.

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14
Q

How many Nucleotides are necessary to code for a polypeptide that is 100 amino acids long?

A

300

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15
Q

Codons

A

The genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain are written in DNA and RNA as a series of three-base words.

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16
Q

Transcription

A

The transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule

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17
Q

Translation

A

the transfer of the information from RNA into a polypeptide

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18
Q

Genetic Code

A

Is the set of rules that convert a nucleotide sequence in RNA to an amino acid sequence.

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19
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

RNA nucleotides are linked by the transcription enzyme that is called this.

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20
Q

Terminator

A

In the third phase, termination, the RNA polymerase reaches a special sequence of bases in the DNA template called this.This signals the end of the gene.

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21
Q

How does RNA polymerase “know” where to start transcribing a gene?

A

It recognizes the gene’s promoter, a specific nucleotide sequence.

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22
Q

mRNA

A

In the cells of prokaryotes, which lack nuclei, the RNA transcribed from a gene immediately functions as this, the molecule that is translated into a protein

23
Q

Cap and Tail

A

Protect RNA from attack by cellular enzymes and help ribosomes recognize the RNA as mRNA.

24
Q

Introns

A

Most genes of plants and animals, it turns out , include such internal noncoding regions, called this.

25
Q

Exons

A

The coding regions -the parts of a gene that are expressed

26
Q

RNA splicing

A

Before RNA leaves the nucleus, the introns are removed, and the exons are joined to produce an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence.

27
Q

Why is the final mRNA often shorter than the DNA gene that coded for it?

A

Because introns are removed from the RNA

28
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA: To convert the three letter words (codons) of nucleic acids to the amino acid words of proteins, a cell uses a molecular interpreter called this.

29
Q

Anticodon

A

At one end of the folded molecule is a special triplet of bases called this.

30
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

Each subunit is made up of proteins and a considerable amount of yet another kind of RNA, this.

31
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

An anticodon is the base triplet of a tRNA molecule that couples the tRNA to a complementary codon in the mRNA. The base pairing of anticodon to codon is a key step in translating mRNA to a polypeptide.

32
Q

Start Codon

A

Where translation is to begin on the mRNA

33
Q

Which of the following does not participate directly in translation: ribosomes, transfer RNA, messenger RNA, DNA?

A

DNA

34
Q

Stop codon

A

Elongation continues until this reaches the ribosomes’s A site.

35
Q

Transcription is the synthesis of __, using ___ as a template.

A

mRNA; DNA

36
Q

Translation is the synthesis of___, with one___ determining each amino acid in the sequence.

A

Protein (polypeptides); codon

37
Q

Which organelle coordinates translation?

A

Ribosomes

38
Q

Mutation

A

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell’s DNA

39
Q

What would happen if a mutation changed a start codon to some other codon?

A

mRNA transcribed from the mutated gene would be nonfunctional because ribosomes would not initiate translation

40
Q

What happens when one nucleotide is lost from he middle of a gene?

A

In the mRNA, the reading of the triplets downstream from the deletion is shifted , leading to a long string of incorrect amino acids in the polypeptide.

41
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Most phages enter a this reproductive cycle. After many copies of the phage are produced within the bacterial cell, the bacterium lyses (breaks open)

42
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

Some viruses can reproduce through this alternative route. Viral DNA replication occurs without phage production or the death of the cell.

43
Q

Describe one way some viruses can perpetuate their genes without immediately destroying the cells they infect

A

Some viruses can insert their DNA into the DNA of the cell they infect ( the lysogenic cycle). The viral DNA is replicated along with the cell’s DNA every time the cell divides.

44
Q

What are three ways that viruses can get into a plant?

A

Through lesions caused by injuries, transfer by insects that feed on the plant, and contaminated farming or gardening tools.

45
Q

Why is infection by herpesvirus permanent?

A

Because Herpesvirus leaves viral DNA in the nuclei of nerve cells.

46
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome

47
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

48
Q

Retrovirus

A

An RNA virus that reproduces by means of DNA molecule, the reverse of the usual DNA to RNA flow of genetic information.

49
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

AIDS AND HIV carry this, it catalyzes reverse transcription: the synthesis of DNA on an RNA template.

50
Q

Provirus

A

The resulting double stranded viral of DNA then enters the cell nucleus and inserts itself in the chromosomal DNA becoming this.

51
Q

Why is HIV called a retrovirus ?

A

Because it synthesizes DNA from its RNA genome. This is the reverse (“retro”) of the usual DNA to RNA information flow.

52
Q

Prions

A

Cause a number of brain diseases in various animal species.

53
Q

What makes prions so unusual as pathogens?

A

Prions, unlike any other infectious agent, have no nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)

Fall 2016 (32 decks)

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