Biology Chapter 35 Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious disease

A

Diseases caused by pathogens

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2
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

Microorganisms cause disease

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3
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing agent

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4
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

Set of rules that is needed to determine if a certain pathogen causes a specific disease ` How we know what microorganism causes what disease

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5
Q

Zoonosis

A

Any disease that can be passed from animals to humans

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6
Q

Vector`

A

An animal carrier of a pathogen, do not get sick themselves

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7
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Area becomes red painful and inflamed, starts from pathogen stimulating mast cells to release histamines Nonspecific immune system

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8
Q

Histamine

A

Released by mast cells, increase blood flow and fluids to infected area so more WBC’s reach the area to fight the pathogen Nonspecific immune system

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9
Q

Interferon

A

Proteins that interfere with viral growth, slows production of new virus particles being made Nonspecific immune system

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10
Q

Fever

A

Increase in body temperature, helps slow growth of pathogen, speeds up immune response Nonspecific immune system

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11
Q

Immune response

A

Activated when pathogen gets past the nonspecific immunity Specific cells in immune system remember a pathogen and can fight it faster and stronger the next time, can tell between self and non-self

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12
Q

Antigen

A

Protein on outside of cell that helps body recognize it as a foreign substance (pathogen) On the pathogen or cells that have “eaten” pathogen, phagocytes

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13
Q

Antibody

A

Created by plasma cells (type of B cell) tags antigens to mark for destruction by immune cells Recognizes specific antigen and bind to it to tag for destruction

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14
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Immune response that occurs in the fluids (blood and lymph), starts when antibodies on existing b cells bind to antigen of pathogen In the fluids

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15
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Immune response of T-cells that work in the cells of the body In the cells

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16
Q

Plasma cells

A

B cells that create antibodies, die after infection is gone humoral

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17
Q

Memory b-cells

A

Remember a specific antigen and will be able to remember how to fight it if infected again later humoral

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18
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

(killer t cells) kill infected cells of the body and pathogens Cell-mediated

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19
Q

Memory T cells

A

Remember specific antigens and will be able to help fight faster if infected again Cell-mediated

20
Q

Helper T cells

A

Circulating cells that recognize specific antigens and when found will activate the B and cytotoxic T cells, makes memory T cells, and make more helper T cells Cell-mediated

21
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Keeps immune system in check, stops B and T cells once infections Is under control Cell-mediated

22
Q

Vaccination

A

Injection of a weakened form of a pathogen to produce immunity in a person Creates memory cells to help fight off if pathogen ever enters body

23
Q

Active immunity

A

Result of natural exposure to antigen or a vaccine (body produces memory T and B cells to fight off same infection faster next time) YOUR body makes antibodies to fight

24
Q

Passive immunity

A

Temporary immunity, externally produced antibodies are introduced into a person’s blood. mother to fetus, or medicinal treatment Antibodies from other places help fight

25
Q

Emerging disease

A

Caused from merging human and animal habitats, and exotic animal trade, and re-emerging caused from medication misuse Superbugs, new diseases,

26
Q

Allergy

A

Overreaction of immune system to non-harmful antigen, releases histamines and causes allergy symptoms (runny nose, etc..) Immune system overreacting

27
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic disease when air passages narrow causing difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing Hereditary and environmental factors

28
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

When immune system attacks the body’s own cells Examples- type I diabetes, lupus

29
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

Virus that infects T cells and weakens immune system so an infected person can get very sick or die from simple illness like a cold Disease that attacks immune system so it cant do its job

30
Q

Specific Immune Responses

A
31
Q

How are diseases spread?

A

Physical contact, contaminated food or water, infected animals

32
Q

What are the 3 ways pathogens cause diseases?

A

Destroying cells/tissue, releasing toxins, disrupt homeostasis (blockages and removing nutrients)

33
Q

What types of pathogens can cause disease in humans?

A

Bacteria, viruses, parasitic worms, fungus, protists

34
Q

What are Koch’s postulates? List in order and study the picture in the book/notes.

A

1.pathogen found in body of sick organism 2. pathogen isolate and grown in pure culture 3. pathogen injected into healthy animal→ animal becomes sick with same disease as first sick animal 4. pathogen must be re-isolated from 2nd animal and must be the same as the original pure culture

35
Q

What is a vector? Provide an example.

A

An animal who carries a pathogen but does not get sick Mosquito- vector of malaria protist

36
Q

What are nonspecific defenses for the immune system? Which is the most important?

A

Physical barriers- skin- most important chemical barriers- mucus, tears, sweat, stomach acid, saliva

37
Q

What are the symptoms of an inflammatory response?

A

redness, swelling, hot to the touch, painful

38
Q

How are histamines important to the inflammatory response? How do they relate to allergies?

A

increase blood flow and fluid to infected area, more WBC’s can get there

39
Q

Why are B cells and T cells considered part of the specific immune system?

A

Because there are SPECIFIC B and T cells that deal with each individual pathogen. Each one only fights a certain invader.

40
Q

What are the “tags” that are made by B cells and tell T cells to destroy the cell? What are they made of?

A

Antibodies- made of protein

41
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity? Provide an example of each.

A

Active- acquired through exposure to a pathogen (body makes memory b and t cells and can fight it faster next time) Ex- getting sick, or vaccination Passive- acquired through antibodies that were made outside of the body being put into the blood (this is temporary) Ex- mother to baby or antibody injections

42
Q

What are antibiotics used for? What was the first mass produced antibiotic?

A

To treat bacterial infections (disrupts bacteria cell processes and kills the cell) Penicillin was the first mass produced antibiotic

43
Q

What causes allergies? How do they affect the body?

A

Overreaction of the immune system to a non-harmful antigen that is in the body Allergen enters body Triggers inflammatory response (mast cells release histamines) Histamines in the respiratory system will increase mucus production, watery eyes, sneezing, etc

44
Q

What does HIV do to the body?

A

Virus (HIV) enters body and starts entering cells to replicate Targets T cells- which are the command centers for specific immune response Over time more Tcells are affected and cannot do their normal job (immune system cannot function properly) and so typically nonthreatening illnesses can cause serious illness and death

45
Q

Study this picture…. Be able to describe what is going on and the importance of all parts involved.

A