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10th Grade > Bio chapter 15 > Flashcards

Bio chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Why does it help scientists to know an organism’s DNA sequence? What could the knowledge be used for?

A

To better understand gene expression, agriculture, medicine, personal identification, etc

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2
Q

What is the entire DNA sequence of an organism called?

A

genome

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3
Q

What were the goals of the human genome project?

A

To sequence all 3 billion base pairs in human DNA Identifying all human genes

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4
Q

What is gel electrophoresis used for?

A

To separate DNA fragments based on size

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5
Q

How does the gel electrophoresis process work?

A

By running an electric current through the gel the DNA molecule will move towards the + end because DNA has a negative charge

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6
Q

What size molecules will move the farthest? Which will move the slowest?

A

Smaller fragments move the farthest (because they move the fastest) / large molecules move slow

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7
Q

What do restriction enzymes do to the DNA? Why do we use restriction enzymes?

A

Cut DNA / to get manageable fragments

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8
Q

What is “shotgun sequencing”?

A

A process of cutting DNA and then using computers to match up sequences to find the sequence of a fragment of DNA

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9
Q

What are bioinformatics and genomics?

A

Bioinformatics- uses computer science and math the study biological information Genomics- study of complete genomes

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10
Q

What is PCR (polymerase chain reaction) used for?

A

To make MANY copies of DNA fragments

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11
Q

Why would breeders want mutations in plants?

A

To make them “better” larger and hardier if polyploidy (common in citrus fruits)

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12
Q

What is selective breeding used for?

A

To obtain desired traits in offspring by selecting which adults breed to create the next generation (uses variation that already exists in the population)

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13
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

Taking 2 individuals that have similar traits and breeding them to create offspring that also have the desired (similar) trait

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14
Q

What is hybridization? Who was famous for using this process?

A

Taking 2 individuals that have different desirable traits and breeding them to try and get offspring with the best traits from both individuals- Burbank used this with plants and is famous for it

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15
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

The process of manipulating organisms cells or molecules to produce specific products

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16
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

DNA produced by combining DNA from 2 different sources

17
Q

What is a plasmid and how are they important to the process of transformation?

A

Plasmid- small circular piece of DNA located in many bacteria/ can easily put other genes in the plasmid to create recombinant DNA that will then transform bacteria and carry the desired gene

18
Q

What happens in transformation? What are the steps to complete transformation?

A

DNA from an outside source is taken into the DNA of the bacteria and changes it/ Get desired gene, insert gene into plasmid, put plasmid in bacteria cell, bacteria will reproduce (now with the extra gene)

19
Q

What can transgenic plants be used for?

A

Increase food production, with new vitamins they become a more complete food source

20
Q

What is a clone? How is a clone made?

A

Member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell/ take a nucleus from a donor, take an egg cell from an adult female, remove egg cell nucleus, combine donor cell and egg cell, embryo develops, implant embryo into surrogate, baby (clone) is born

21
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified crops and animals?

A

Adv- increased food supply, insect resistant Dis- may be unsafe over long term

22
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Process of replacing a defective gene with a healthy one to cure a disease or disorder by letting the healthy new gene function properly (make the protein it is supposed to – etc)

23
Q

How is DNA fingerprinting used? What can be used for the DNA sample?

A

Used for personal identification by sequencing areas of genomes that do not contain genes but are different from person to person / hair follicle, blood, sperm, tissue

24
Q

Describe forensics. How has our knowledge of DNA expanded the field of forensics?

A

The study of crime scene evidence / allows us to use DNA fingerprinting to identify criminals

25
Q

Cutting and seperating dna

A
26
Q

Reading Dna

A
27
Q

Plasmid DNA transportation

A
28
Q

Cloning animals

A
29
Q

How gene therapy can be used

A

10th Grade (26 decks)

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