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10th Grade > Biology Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell division and what are the 2 main stages of cell division?

A

Cell division- when one cell divides to become 2 daughter cells
Mitosis and cytokinesis

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2
Q

In what phase does a cell spend most of its life?

A

interphase

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3
Q

What does each phase of mitosis look like?

A

Pages 279-285

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4
Q

What are the advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual- genetic diversity (able to adapt and survive as a species)
Asexual- fast, east, efficient

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual- time and energy finding mate/raising young

Asexual- species cannot adapt to changing environment (all genetically identical)

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6
Q

During what phase of mitosis do the spindles form?

A

prophase

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7
Q

During which phase of mitosis doe the chromatids split and move to opposite ends of the cell?

A

anaphase

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8
Q

. During which phase of the cell cycle is the DNA replicated?

A

S phase (part of interphase)

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9
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell?

A

prophase

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10
Q

During which phase of mitosis do 2 nuclear envelopes form?

A

telophase

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11
Q

During which phase of mitosis does chromatin condense into chromosomes (you can see)?

A

prophase

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12
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

A

metaphase

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13
Q

During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope dissolve/disappear?

A

prophase

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14
Q

What is the shortest phase in mitosis?

A

metaphase

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15
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis (from first to last)?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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16
Q

What are chromatids? How do they differ from chromosomes? If a cell starts with 8 chromosomes, how many will each daughter cell have after cell division?

A
  • A copy of the duplicated DNA
  • a chromosome is the DNA and can consist of 2 sister chromatids before cell division, once they are separated each chromatid is also called a chromosome
  • 8
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17
Q

What are chromosomes made of? Where are they found?

A

DNA, in the nucleus of eukaryotes, in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes

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18
Q

What is a centromere?

A

Middle of the duplicated chromosome where the sister chromatids connect to one another

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19
Q

What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle? What happens in each stage?

A

G1- growth
S- DNA replication (copies)
G2- preparation for cell division
M- mitosis and cytokinesis

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20
Q

What parts of the cell cycle occur in interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

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21
Q

What are centrioles? What types of cells have them?

A

A structure that helps the chromosomes split during cell division
Animal cells have them, plants do not

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22
Q

What is the spindle? What do spindles do during cell division?

A

A structure that connects to the centromere and help the sister chromatids split during cell division

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23
Q

What is cytokinesis? How is it different in plants and animal cells?

A

The division of the cytoplasm
Animals- cell membrane pinches in and eventually pinches into 2 cells
Plants- cell plate forms between the 2 nuclei and then a new cell wall forms

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24
Q

What two things limit the size of cells?

A

DNA demand, Surface area/ Volume ratio (higher is better)

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25
Q

Why is surface area and volume important for cell sizes? How does it change as a cell divides

A

So the cell can move as much materials in and out as the cell needs. The surface area/volume ratio increases through cell division (which is a good thing)

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26
Q

What limits cell division (or regulates the cell cycle)?

A

Cyclins, internal regulatory proteins, external regulatory proteins

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27
Q

What is cyclin?

A

A protein that regulates the cell cycle (there are multiple different cyclins)

28
Q

What experiment showed scientists that cell division can be “turned off or on”?

A

The petri dish experiment; 1 layer of cells on the bottom of the dish; remove middle cells  then cells near the edge of hole divide to fill in the space, once the space is full they stop growing

29
Q

What is apoptosis and when is it used?

A

Programmed cell death
When embryos develop and have “webbed” fingers, the web cells go through apoptosis and the baby is born with separated fingers

30
Q

Define Cancer. What causes cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell growth

Genetics, radiation, smoking, viral infections

31
Q

What is a tumor?

A

A mass of cancer cells

32
Q

What are stem cells and where do they come from? Why are some people against stem cell research? What advantages are there to doing stem cell research?

A

Stem cells- a cell that can become any specific type of cell (it is undifferentiated)
Because to do research with them you destroy embryos
We could find cures for diseases

33
Q

What is the difference in how internal and external regulatory proteins work? Examples?

A

Internal- checkpoints to make sure the cell is ready for each step of the cell cycle
A cyclin stops the cell cycle to make sure the DNA is replicated properly before moving into the M phase
External- things outside of the cell tell the cell to speed up or slow down its rate of division
Growth factors make the rate of division speed up (common at sights of wounds)

34
Q

What is the difference between benign and malignant cancer cells?

A

Benign- stays in 1 place and does not invade healthy tissue

Malignant- can travel to other parts of the body and invade/destroy healthy tissue

35
Q

What gene is commonly found with a defect in cancer patients?

A

P53

36
Q

In what ways can cancer be treated?

A

Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

37
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that have the potential to differentiate into many types of cells

38
Q

Explain the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells.

A

Embryonic-come from embryos and the embryo is destroyed when they are extracted (pluripotent- can become most types of cells)
Adult- like in bone marrow and make many types of blood cells (multipotent- can become several different types of cells)

39
Q

Why are scientists so interested in stem cell research?

A

Potential to cure many diseases by replacing nonworking cells with stem cells that make and replace the nonworking cells, may help replace damaged cells like after a heart attack

40
Q

Cell division

A

Process by which a cell divides into 2 new daughter cells

41
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent

42
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Cells from 2 parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism

43
Q

Chromosome

A

Made of DNA

44
Q

Chromatin

A

Chromosome and protein (making coils)

45
Q

Cell cycle

A

the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells.

46
Q

Interphase

A

In between time of cells dividing

growth

47
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of cell nucleus

48
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm

49
Q

Growth factor

A

stimulate growth and division of cells

50
Q

Cancer

A

Disorder In which body cells lose the ability to control growth

51
Q

prophase

A
  • centrioles move to opposite sides of cells (helps organize spindles)
  • spindles start to form (help separate chromosomes)
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • chromatin condenses into chromosomes
52
Q

metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in middle of cell

Spindles connect

53
Q

anaphase

A

Centromeres split disconnecting sister chromatids

Chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell

54
Q

telophase

A

Chromosomes expand into chromatin again
Nuclear envelope firm
Spindles break apart
Nucleus forms

55
Q

centromere

A

Middle of chromosomes / where sister chromatids’ connect

56
Q

chromatid (sister)

A

One half of chromosomes

57
Q

daughter cells

A

Either of the two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis

58
Q

centriole

A

a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

59
Q

cyclin

A

Proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle (in Eukaryotes)

60
Q

apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

61
Q

tumor

A

Mass of cancer cells

62
Q

stem cell

A

Unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop

63
Q

embryo

A

an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development.

64
Q

differentiation

A

Process by which cells become specialized

65
Q

totipotent

A

Cells that can do everything, able to develop into any type of cell in the body

66
Q

pluripotent

A

(of an immature or stem cell) capable of giving rise to several different cell types.

67
Q

multipotent

A

Can differentiate into many types of cells (but less than pluripotent

10th Grade (26 decks)

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