Biology 16,17,19

Question 1

Darwin is known as the father of __________________.

Answer 1

evolution

Question 2

What did Darwin realize about the tortoises and finches of the Galápagos islands?

Answer 2

The tortoises and finches on different island were related and came from a common ancestor. They had changed due to their environment on different islands over time.

Question 3

What 3 patterns of diversity did Darwin take note of on his journey?

Answer 3

Species vary: locally, globally, and over time

Question 4

What did Hutton hypothesize?

Answer 4

That it takes millions of years for geological processes to take place (creating new layers of sedimentary rock)

Question 5

What did Lyell Hypothesize?

Answer 5

The processes that shaped the Earth in the past (millions of years ago) are still occurring today vocab- uniformitarianism

Question 6

Why were Hutton and Lyell’s hypotheses about the Earth’s age important?

Answer 6

If the Earth is millions of years old, that gives life a looooong time to have changed over time (evolution to occur).

Question 7

What is Lamarck’s Evolution Hypothesis. What was wrong about it?

Answer 7

Movement towards complexity and perfection Use and disuse Inheritance of acquired traits Organisms cannot inherit acquired traits, they do not have an innate sense to become more complex

Question 8

What did Malthus suggest about human population? How did this relate to Darwin and his theory of evolution?

Answer 8

If population continues to grow, then we will run out of food, shelter and space for people. Darwin related it knowing that there are more offspring created than survive (struggle for existence)

Question 9

What is artificial selection? What is an example of artificial selection?

Answer 9

Humans select desirable traits in organisms and breed them to get more organisms that contain the desirable trait ( cows that produce more milk, trees that make larger fruit)

Question 10

What are the three parts of evolution by natural selection? What does each mean?

Answer 10

struggle for existence Variation and Adaptation descent with modification (common descent)

Question 11

What does “survival of the fittest” mean? What is the definition of fitness?

Answer 11

Organisms that have traits that help them survive in an environment are more likely to survive and reproduce (passing on these traits to offspring) Fitness- how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

Question 12

What is natural selection?

Answer 12

Process by which organisms with variation most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring

Question 13

What can be used for evidence of evolution?

Answer 13

Anatomy, embryology, DNA(genetics

Question 14

What are homologous structures?

Answer 14

Structures shared by related species that have been inherited from a common ancestor, but may not have the same function any longer (limbs of humans, horses, whales, bats)

Question 15

What are vestigial structures?

Answer 15

Structures that are inherited from ancestors but have little to no function now (human tail bone, appendix, etc)

Question 16

What does studying embryo development and DNA tell us about evolution?

Answer 16

Provide more evidence that organisms evolved from a common ancestor

Question 17

What did the Grant’s study in the Galapagos?

Answer 17

Change in finch beaks due to natural selection (especially during times of drought)

Question 18

Genetically speaking what is evolution?

Answer 18

A change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time

Question 19

What is a gene pool?

Answer 19

Consists of all the genes (including all different alleles of the genes) that are present in a population

Question 20

What does natural selection directly change (influence)?

Answer 20

phenotype

Question 21

What is allele frequency? What does it mean when the allele frequency changes?

Answer 21

Number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool, compared to the total number of alleles in that pool for the same gene

Question 22

What sources of genetic variation exist in nature (3)?

Answer 22

Mutations / genetic recombination (sexual reproduction and crossing over) / lateral gene transfer

Question 23

What is a single-gene trait?

Answer 23

Trait controlled by only 1 gene (usually 2-3 alleles)

Question 24

What is a polygenic trait?

Answer 24

Trait controlled by more than one gene (2-3 alleles for each gene)

Question 25

If you graph the frequency of phenotypes of a polygenic trait what does the graph look like?

Answer 25

Bell curve

Question 26

Natural selection affects polygenic traits in 3 ways. Be able to identify graph

Answer 26

Definition Example Directional Selection Bell curve shifts one direction because one end has higher fitness Page 489 Stabilizing Selection Bell curve narrows because middle has higher fitness Page 489 Disruptive Selection Bell curve changes (2 peaks) because both ends have higher fitness than the middle Page 489

Question 27

Every population should be in genetic equilibrium.

The Hardy-Weinberg principle has 5 factors that may disrupt genetic equilibrium. What are they?

Answer 27

Nonrandom mating

Small population size

Immigration or emigration

Mutations

Natural selection

Question 28

What is speciation?

Answer 28

Formation of a new species

Question 29

When does speciation occur?

Answer 29

Reproductive isolation

Question 30

What are the 3 types of reproductive isolation? Describe each type.

Answer 30

Behavioral- behavior prevents 2 populations to interbreed, over time- 2 diff. species

Geographic- 2 populations separated by geographic barriers and do not interbreed

Temporal- 2 or more populations or similar species reproduce at different times

Question 31

What are the 5 parts of the current hypothesis of the speciation of Darwin’s finches?

Answer 31

Founders arrive

Geographic isolation

Changes in gene pools    

Behavioral isolation

Competition and continued evolution

Question 32

What does the fossil record show scientists?

Answer 32

When certain organisms existed/ what extinct organisms were like

Question 33

How do fossils form?

Answer 33

Over a long time in certain conditions (pressure, rock type, etc.)

Question 34

What type of rock do fossils form in?

Answer 34

Sedimentary rock

Question 35

What are the ways you can date fossils?

Answer 35

Relative dating/ radiometric dating (Carbon dating of fossils, rock dating-around rocks)

Question 36

Be able to understand half-life in a graph.

Answer 36

Definition Example

Half-life

• Time required for ½ of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay
• Carbon-14 dating ~60,000 years is the oldest it can test

Macroevolution

• Change in anatomy, phylogeny, ecology, and behavior that take place in clades larger than a species
• Extinction, speciation

Adaptive radiation

• Process by which a single species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways
• Darwin’s finches

Convergent evolution

• Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
• Mammals that eat ants (and have long snouts) has evolved 5 different times in different areas of the world

Punctuated Equilibrium

• Equilibrium that is disrupted by brief periods of rapid change
• Can happen due to mass extinction or small population in a new habitat

Gradualism

• Process of evolution that is slow and steady over a long period of time
• Gradual change

Coevolution

• Process by which 2 species evolve in response to changes in each other over time
• Pollinators and plants