Biology 16,17,19 Flashcards

1
Q

Darwin is known as the father of __________________.

A

evolution

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2
Q

What did Darwin realize about the tortoises and finches of the Galápagos islands?

A

The tortoises and finches on different island were related and came from a common ancestor. They had changed due to their environment on different islands over time.

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3
Q

What 3 patterns of diversity did Darwin take note of on his journey?

A

Species vary: locally, globally, and over time

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4
Q

What did Hutton hypothesize?

A

That it takes millions of years for geological processes to take place (creating new layers of sedimentary rock)

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5
Q

What did Lyell Hypothesize?

A

The processes that shaped the Earth in the past (millions of years ago) are still occurring today vocab- uniformitarianism

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6
Q

Why were Hutton and Lyell’s hypotheses about the Earth’s age important?

A

If the Earth is millions of years old, that gives life a looooong time to have changed over time (evolution to occur).

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7
Q

What is Lamarck’s Evolution Hypothesis. What was wrong about it?

A

Movement towards complexity and perfection Use and disuse Inheritance of acquired traits Organisms cannot inherit acquired traits, they do not have an innate sense to become more complex

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8
Q

What did Malthus suggest about human population? How did this relate to Darwin and his theory of evolution?

A

If population continues to grow, then we will run out of food, shelter and space for people. Darwin related it knowing that there are more offspring created than survive (struggle for existence)

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9
Q

What is artificial selection? What is an example of artificial selection?

A

Humans select desirable traits in organisms and breed them to get more organisms that contain the desirable trait ( cows that produce more milk, trees that make larger fruit)

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10
Q

What are the three parts of evolution by natural selection? What does each mean?

A

struggle for existence Variation and Adaptation descent with modification (common descent)

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11
Q

What does “survival of the fittest” mean? What is the definition of fitness?

A

Organisms that have traits that help them survive in an environment are more likely to survive and reproduce (passing on these traits to offspring) Fitness- how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

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12
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Process by which organisms with variation most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring

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13
Q

What can be used for evidence of evolution?

A

Anatomy, embryology, DNA(genetics

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14
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Structures shared by related species that have been inherited from a common ancestor, but may not have the same function any longer (limbs of humans, horses, whales, bats)

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15
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

Structures that are inherited from ancestors but have little to no function now (human tail bone, appendix, etc)

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16
Q

What does studying embryo development and DNA tell us about evolution?

A

Provide more evidence that organisms evolved from a common ancestor

17
Q

What did the Grant’s study in the Galapagos?

A

Change in finch beaks due to natural selection (especially during times of drought)

18
Q

Genetically speaking what is evolution?

A

A change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time

19
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

Consists of all the genes (including all different alleles of the genes) that are present in a population

20
Q

What does natural selection directly change (influence)?

A

phenotype

21
Q

What is allele frequency? What does it mean when the allele frequency changes?

A

Number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool, compared to the total number of alleles in that pool for the same gene

22
Q

What sources of genetic variation exist in nature (3)?

A

Mutations / genetic recombination (sexual reproduction and crossing over) / lateral gene transfer

23
Q

What is a single-gene trait?

A

Trait controlled by only 1 gene (usually 2-3 alleles)

24
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

Trait controlled by more than one gene (2-3 alleles for each gene)

25
Q

If you graph the frequency of phenotypes of a polygenic trait what does the graph look like?

A

Bell curve

26
Q

Natural selection affects polygenic traits in 3 ways. Be able to identify graph

A

Definition Example Directional Selection Bell curve shifts one direction because one end has higher fitness Page 489 Stabilizing Selection Bell curve narrows because middle has higher fitness Page 489 Disruptive Selection Bell curve changes (2 peaks) because both ends have higher fitness than the middle Page 489

27
Q

Every population should be in genetic equilibrium.

The Hardy-Weinberg principle has 5 factors that may disrupt genetic equilibrium. What are they?

A

Nonrandom mating

Small population size

Immigration or emigration

Mutations

Natural selection
28
Q

What is speciation?

A

Formation of a new species

29
Q

When does speciation occur?

A

Reproductive isolation

30
Q

What are the 3 types of reproductive isolation? Describe each type.

A

Behavioral- behavior prevents 2 populations to interbreed, over time- 2 diff. species

Geographic- 2 populations separated by geographic barriers and do not interbreed

Temporal- 2 or more populations or similar species reproduce at different times
31
Q

What are the 5 parts of the current hypothesis of the speciation of Darwin’s finches?

A

Founders arrive

Geographic isolation

Changes in gene pools    

Behavioral isolation

Competition and continued evolution
32
Q

What does the fossil record show scientists?

A

When certain organisms existed/ what extinct organisms were like

33
Q

How do fossils form?

A

Over a long time in certain conditions (pressure, rock type, etc.)

34
Q

What type of rock do fossils form in?

A

Sedimentary rock

35
Q

What are the ways you can date fossils?

A

Relative dating/ radiometric dating (Carbon dating of fossils, rock dating-around rocks)

36
Q

Be able to understand half-life in a graph.

A

Definition Example

Half-life

  • Time required for ½ of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay
  • Carbon-14 dating ~60,000 years is the oldest it can test

Macroevolution

  • Change in anatomy, phylogeny, ecology, and behavior that take place in clades larger than a species
  • Extinction, speciation

Adaptive radiation

  • Process by which a single species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways
  • Darwin’s finches

Convergent evolution

  • Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
  • Mammals that eat ants (and have long snouts) has evolved 5 different times in different areas of the world

Punctuated Equilibrium

  • Equilibrium that is disrupted by brief periods of rapid change
  • Can happen due to mass extinction or small population in a new habitat

Gradualism

  • Process of evolution that is slow and steady over a long period of time
  • Gradual change

Coevolution

  • Process by which 2 species evolve in response to changes in each other over time
  • Pollinators and plants
37
Q
A