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10th Grade > Biology Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Electrons

A

Negative charge

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1
Q

Atoms

A

Basic unit of matter

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2
Q

Ion

A

An atom that has lost or gained electrons

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3
Q

Element

A

Pure substance that consists of one type of Atom

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4
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

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5
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of an element that have different number of neutrons

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6
Q

Compound

A

Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements

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7
Q

Chemical bonds involve

A

Electrons

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8
Q

Ionic bonds

A

When one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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9
Q

Covalent bonds

A

When electrons are shared by Atoms instead of transferred

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10
Q

Molecule

A

Atoms joined by covalent bonds

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11
Q

Van der wall forces

A

Slight attraction develops between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

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12
Q

Polar

A

One end of the molecule hydrogen has a slightly positive charge
One end of the molecule oxygen has a slightly negative charge

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13
Q

Hydrogen bonding or H bonds

A

Due to their polarity water molecules attract each other

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14
Q

Cohesion

A

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

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15
Q

Adhesion

A

Attraction between molecules of different substances

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16
Q

Heat capacity

A

High heat capacity can absorb lots of heat with very little change in temperature

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17
Q

Mixture

A

Material composed of two or more elements physically combined not chemically

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18
Q

Solutions

A

Components are evenly distributed

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19
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved (like salt)

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20
Q

Solvent

A

Substance in which solute is dissolved (water)

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21
Q

Suspension

A

Mixture of a substance and water that does not dissolve or settle out

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22
Q

PH scale

A

Indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

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23
Q

Acid

A

Compound that forms hydrogen ions in solution

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24
Q

Base

A

Compound that produces OH ions in solution’s

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25
Q

Buffer

A

Weak acid’s or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH important for homeostasis

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26
Q

Organic chemistry

A

Study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon Atoms

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27
Q

Macromolecules

A

Giant molecules formed through polymerize a shin

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29
Q

polymerization

A

Large molecules are formed by joining smaller ones together

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30
Q

Saturated

A

If all carbon Atoms are attached to other carbons with only single bonds —solid at room temperature

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31
Q

Unsaturated

A

If there is one double bond between carbon Atoms

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32
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

If there are more than one double bonds between carbon Atoms

- usually liquid at room temperature

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33
Q

Nucleus

A

The positively charged central core of an Atom consisting of protons and neutrons and containing nearly all its mass

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34
Q

Monomer

A

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

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35
Q

Polymer

A

A substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together

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36
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Any of a large group or of organic compounds occurring foods and living tissues in including sugars starches and cellulose they contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio 1 to 2 to 1 and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body

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37
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Single sugar molecules

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38
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Made from monosaccharide

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39
Q

Lipid

A

Made of hydrogen card not soluble in water that’s oils and waxes

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40
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Made of hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon and phosphorus store and transmit genetic information DNA and RNA

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41
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomer of nucleic acid made a three parts five carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogennous base

42
Q

Protein

A

Molecules made from amino acids and are a vital part of all living cells

43
Q

Amino acid

A

Monomer of proteins three parts amino group carboxyl group and R group

44
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another

45
Q

Reactant

A

Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

46
Q

Product

A

Elements or compounds that are produced by chemical reaction

47
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy needed to get a reaction started

48
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

49
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein that are biological catalysts

50
Q

Substrate

A

The reactants of an enzyme catalyzed reaction

51
Q

Describe the 3 subatomic particles charges and where they are located within an atom

A

Proton-Positive charge in nucleus
Neutron- neutral charge in nucleus
Electrons- negative charge outside of nucleus

52
Q

What is the difference between a neutral atom and an ion of the same type of atom?

A

neutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons. Ions have different # of electron (lose e-= positive Gain e-= negative)

53
Q

How is Carbon-13 different from Carbon-12?

A

Carbon 13 has one more neutron

Atomic mass

54
Q

Why are some isotopes radioactive?

A

Nuclei are unstable due to diff # of neutrons

55
Q

if a neutral atom gains an electron what will its charge be?

A

negatively charged

56
Q

How are atomic number and atomic mass different? What would they be for Oxygen?

A

atomic number is number of protons and Atomic mass is protons+neutrons.
8 and 16

57
Q

How are an element and a compound different?

A

element-1 type of atom

compound- more than 1 type of atom

58
Q

What are the 2 main types of bonds we learned about? How are they different?

A

Ionic and Covalent. Ionic bonds transfers electron. Covalent shares

59
Q

Which type of bond is more common in living things?

A

covalent

60
Q

What is an example of Van der Waals forces?

A

gecko feet on a glass

61
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

one end of molecule (H) has a slightly positive charge. One end of the molecule (O) has a slightly negative charge

62
Q

What are hydrogen bonds? Why do they form between water molecules?

A

a bond between two two molecules due their polarity

63
Q

What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? What is an example of each?

A

cohesion- attraction between molecules of same substance ex: water-> water
Adhesion- attraction between molecules of different substances ex: water->glass

64
Q

*Why is it a good thing that water has a high heat capacity?

A

so water can absorb a lot of heat w/o changing its temp. very much -good because a lot of organisims live in water

65
Q

What are 2 types of mixtures and how are they different from one another?

A

Solutions- substance dissolved in another and even throughout
Suspensions- not dissolved- does not settle out

66
Q

If I make lemonade with powder and water what is the solvent and what is the solute in the solution?

A

solvent-water

solute-powder

67
Q

What does the pH scale measure? What is the range of the pH scale?

A

concentration of H+ ions, 0-14

68
Q

Which is more acidic 3.0 or 3.5? Which is more basic 8.2 or 8.9?

A

3, 8.9

69
Q

What is a buffer? Why are they important to living organisms?

A

weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH.
living organisms can only live in a certain range

70
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

71
Q

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

A

4

72
Q

What shapes can a carbon make through covalent bonding?

A

chains/rings

73
Q

What are the 4 types of macromolecules?

A

carbs, lipids, Nucleic Acids, Protein

74
Q

How are a monomer and polymer related?

A

monomers go through a process called polymerziation to create polymers

75
Q

What is the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates?

A

monomer- monosaccharide

polymer- Polysaccacharide

76
Q

What are carbohydrates used for (functions)?

A

energy source

77
Q

What is a lipid made of?

A

glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

78
Q

What are lipids used for (functions)?

A

Store energy

79
Q

What is the difference between saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated lipids?

A

saturated- if all carbon atoms are attached to each other with only single bonds (solid at room temp)
Unsaturated- if there is 1 double bond between carbon bonds
Polyunsaturated- if there are more than 1 double bonds between carbon atoms (usually liquid at room temp)

80
Q

What are the monomer and polymer of nucleic acids?

A

monomer- nucleotides

polymer- nucleic acids

81
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

nucleotide-

5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogennous base

82
Q

What are nucleic acids used for (functions)?

A

store and transmit Data (RNA and DNA)

83
Q

What are the monomer and polymer of proteins?

A

monomer-amino acids

Polymer- polypeptide

84
Q

How do amino acids bond together to form polypeptides?

A

peptide bonds

85
Q

What are proteins used for (functions)?

A

controlling reaction rates

growth/ structure

86
Q

What are the 4 levels of organization of proteins?

A

Primary structure-amino acid chain
secondary structure- sheet or coil
tertiarty structure- 3D structure
4th level- multiple polypeptides together

87
Q

How do chemical reactions occur?

A

breaking and forming of bonds between atoms

88
Q

Explain the relationship between reactants and products.

A

reactants- elements or compounds that enter into a chem. reaction, bonds are changed
products emerge

89
Q

Which type of chemical reaction is more likely to occur spontaneously, one that absorbs energy or one that releases energy?

A

releases

90
Q

How do plants and animals get the energy they need to perform chemical reactions in their bodies?

A

Animals- consume plants or other animals

Plants- sun

91
Q

What is an activation energy?

A

energy needed to get a reaction started

92
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

substance that speeds up the rate of a chain reaction and lowers activation energy

93
Q

What is an enzyme and how are they named?

A

biological catalysts named after reaction they help end is -ase

94
Q

What is the purpose of enzymes in our body?

A

to help reduce the activation energy- Therefore speeding up reaction rates

95
Q

What is a substrate?

A

the reactants of an enzyme -catalyzed reaction

96
Q

How does a certain substrate bind to an enzyme?

A

have the same shape “lock and key”

97
Q

Are enzymes “used up” as they are used in a reaction?

A

no- they can be used over and over

98
Q

What is the active site?

A

area of the enzyme that the substrate binds to “Key hole”

99
Q

What are 4 uses for enzymes in an organism?

A

control chemical pathways
making materials that cells need
releasing energy
transferring info

100
Q

How can an enzymes activity be changed?

A

temperature, shape, pH, Regulatory molecules

101
Q

What is denaturation?

A

when a protein shape changes due to high temps- it can not work properly

10th Grade (26 decks)

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