Biology Chapter 2 Flashcards
Electrons
Negative charge
Atoms
Basic unit of matter
Ion
An atom that has lost or gained electrons
Element
Pure substance that consists of one type of Atom
Atomic number
Number of protons
Isotope
Atoms of an element that have different number of neutrons
Compound
Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements
Chemical bonds involve
Electrons
Ionic bonds
When one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Covalent bonds
When electrons are shared by Atoms instead of transferred
Molecule
Atoms joined by covalent bonds
Van der wall forces
Slight attraction develops between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
Polar
One end of the molecule hydrogen has a slightly positive charge
One end of the molecule oxygen has a slightly negative charge
Hydrogen bonding or H bonds
Due to their polarity water molecules attract each other
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
Adhesion
Attraction between molecules of different substances
Heat capacity
High heat capacity can absorb lots of heat with very little change in temperature
Mixture
Material composed of two or more elements physically combined not chemically
Solutions
Components are evenly distributed
Solute
Substance that is dissolved (like salt)
Solvent
Substance in which solute is dissolved (water)
Suspension
Mixture of a substance and water that does not dissolve or settle out
PH scale
Indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
Acid
Compound that forms hydrogen ions in solution
Base
Compound that produces OH ions in solution’s
Buffer
Weak acid’s or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH important for homeostasis
Organic chemistry
Study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon Atoms
Macromolecules
Giant molecules formed through polymerize a shin
polymerization
Large molecules are formed by joining smaller ones together
Saturated
If all carbon Atoms are attached to other carbons with only single bonds —solid at room temperature
Unsaturated
If there is one double bond between carbon Atoms
Polyunsaturated
If there are more than one double bonds between carbon Atoms
- usually liquid at room temperature
Nucleus
The positively charged central core of an Atom consisting of protons and neutrons and containing nearly all its mass
Monomer
A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
Polymer
A substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together
Carbohydrate
Any of a large group or of organic compounds occurring foods and living tissues in including sugars starches and cellulose they contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio 1 to 2 to 1 and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body
Monosaccharide
Single sugar molecules
Polysaccharide
Made from monosaccharide
Lipid
Made of hydrogen card not soluble in water that’s oils and waxes
Nucleic acid
Made of hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon and phosphorus store and transmit genetic information DNA and RNA
Nucleotides
Monomer of nucleic acid made a three parts five carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogennous base
Protein
Molecules made from amino acids and are a vital part of all living cells
Amino acid
Monomer of proteins three parts amino group carboxyl group and R group
Chemical reaction
Process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another
Reactant
Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
Product
Elements or compounds that are produced by chemical reaction
Activation energy
Energy needed to get a reaction started
Catalyst
Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Enzyme
Protein that are biological catalysts
Substrate
The reactants of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
Describe the 3 subatomic particles charges and where they are located within an atom
Proton-Positive charge in nucleus
Neutron- neutral charge in nucleus
Electrons- negative charge outside of nucleus
What is the difference between a neutral atom and an ion of the same type of atom?
neutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons. Ions have different # of electron (lose e-= positive Gain e-= negative)
How is Carbon-13 different from Carbon-12?
Carbon 13 has one more neutron
Atomic mass
Why are some isotopes radioactive?
Nuclei are unstable due to diff # of neutrons
if a neutral atom gains an electron what will its charge be?
negatively charged
How are atomic number and atomic mass different? What would they be for Oxygen?
atomic number is number of protons and Atomic mass is protons+neutrons.
8 and 16
How are an element and a compound different?
element-1 type of atom
compound- more than 1 type of atom
What are the 2 main types of bonds we learned about? How are they different?
Ionic and Covalent. Ionic bonds transfers electron. Covalent shares
Which type of bond is more common in living things?
covalent
What is an example of Van der Waals forces?
gecko feet on a glass
Why is water a polar molecule?
one end of molecule (H) has a slightly positive charge. One end of the molecule (O) has a slightly negative charge
What are hydrogen bonds? Why do they form between water molecules?
a bond between two two molecules due their polarity
What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? What is an example of each?
cohesion- attraction between molecules of same substance ex: water-> water
Adhesion- attraction between molecules of different substances ex: water->glass
*Why is it a good thing that water has a high heat capacity?
so water can absorb a lot of heat w/o changing its temp. very much -good because a lot of organisims live in water
What are 2 types of mixtures and how are they different from one another?
Solutions- substance dissolved in another and even throughout
Suspensions- not dissolved- does not settle out
If I make lemonade with powder and water what is the solvent and what is the solute in the solution?
solvent-water
solute-powder
What does the pH scale measure? What is the range of the pH scale?
concentration of H+ ions, 0-14
Which is more acidic 3.0 or 3.5? Which is more basic 8.2 or 8.9?
3, 8.9
What is a buffer? Why are they important to living organisms?
weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH.
living organisms can only live in a certain range
What is organic chemistry?
study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
4
What shapes can a carbon make through covalent bonding?
chains/rings
What are the 4 types of macromolecules?
carbs, lipids, Nucleic Acids, Protein
How are a monomer and polymer related?
monomers go through a process called polymerziation to create polymers
What is the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates?
monomer- monosaccharide
polymer- Polysaccacharide
What are carbohydrates used for (functions)?
energy source
What is a lipid made of?
glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
What are lipids used for (functions)?
Store energy
What is the difference between saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated lipids?
saturated- if all carbon atoms are attached to each other with only single bonds (solid at room temp)
Unsaturated- if there is 1 double bond between carbon bonds
Polyunsaturated- if there are more than 1 double bonds between carbon atoms (usually liquid at room temp)
What are the monomer and polymer of nucleic acids?
monomer- nucleotides
polymer- nucleic acids
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
nucleotide-
5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogennous base
What are nucleic acids used for (functions)?
store and transmit Data (RNA and DNA)
What are the monomer and polymer of proteins?
monomer-amino acids
Polymer- polypeptide
How do amino acids bond together to form polypeptides?
peptide bonds
What are proteins used for (functions)?
controlling reaction rates
growth/ structure
What are the 4 levels of organization of proteins?
Primary structure-amino acid chain
secondary structure- sheet or coil
tertiarty structure- 3D structure
4th level- multiple polypeptides together
How do chemical reactions occur?
breaking and forming of bonds between atoms
Explain the relationship between reactants and products.
reactants- elements or compounds that enter into a chem. reaction, bonds are changed
products emerge
Which type of chemical reaction is more likely to occur spontaneously, one that absorbs energy or one that releases energy?
releases
How do plants and animals get the energy they need to perform chemical reactions in their bodies?
Animals- consume plants or other animals
Plants- sun
What is an activation energy?
energy needed to get a reaction started
What is a catalyst?
substance that speeds up the rate of a chain reaction and lowers activation energy
What is an enzyme and how are they named?
biological catalysts named after reaction they help end is -ase
What is the purpose of enzymes in our body?
to help reduce the activation energy- Therefore speeding up reaction rates
What is a substrate?
the reactants of an enzyme -catalyzed reaction
How does a certain substrate bind to an enzyme?
have the same shape “lock and key”
Are enzymes “used up” as they are used in a reaction?
no- they can be used over and over
What is the active site?
area of the enzyme that the substrate binds to “Key hole”
What are 4 uses for enzymes in an organism?
control chemical pathways
making materials that cells need
releasing energy
transferring info
How can an enzymes activity be changed?
temperature, shape, pH, Regulatory molecules
What is denaturation?
when a protein shape changes due to high temps- it can not work properly
