Biology chapter 27-28 Flashcards
In what ways do different animals obtain food? Describe what each means.
Herbivore- eats plants
Carnivore- eats animals
Detritivore- eats decaying plants/animals
Filter feeder- filters food particles out of water
Which parts of the plant provide more nutrients for herbivores?
Seeds and fruits
How do parasites obtain nutrients? How is the host affected?
By eating the host’s tissues or body fluids, the host is affected negatively (sick)
What are the differences between intracellular and extracellular digestion?
Intracellular means the food is digested and broken down inside the cells
Extracellular- food broken down outside of cells in digestive system (enzymes)
What types of animals use intracellular digestion?
Sponges (simple)
If an animal processes food using an extracellular digestion what types of systems might they use?
Gastrovascular cavity- one opening/ cnidarians
Digestive tract- 2 openings (mouth and anus) / vertebrates, arthropods, annelids
What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and a digestive tract? List an example of an animal who
displays each of these methods.
Gastrovascular cavity- one opening/ cnidarians
Digestive tract- 2 openings (mouth and anus) / vertebrates, arthropods, annelids
Why are carnivore digestive tracts typically shorter than herbivores?
Because they can readily break down meat tissues with enzymes
Describe the teeth of a carnivore vs. an herbivore.
Herbivore- flat and large grinding surface
Carnivore- sharp, good for tearing and slicing
Herbivores depend on __________________________ because they cannot break down cellulose.
Symbiotic bacteria
What is a rumen?
Digestive organ which contains symbiotic bacteria that digest the cellulose from plant material
What types of animals use diffusion for gas exchange?
Simple small invertebrates (roundworms, flatworms, cnidarians, sponges)
What are the 3 requirements for respiration?
Moist, permeable, thin membrane for diffusion of O2 from outside of body into cells
What are gills? What type of animals use gills?
Respiratory structures that allow aquatic animals to exchange gases from the water into their blood/cells
Aquatic invertebrates; and most aquatic chordates
What are lungs? What aquatic animals use lungs?
Organs that exchange gases between blood and air
Aquatic mammals and reptiles (dolphins, sea turtles)
Compare/contrast the respiration of earthworms, spiders, insects, and mollusks.
Earthworms use diffusion
Spiders use book lungs
Insects use tracheal tubes
Land mollusks use mantle cavities
Compare/contrast the structure of lungs between amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.
Amphibians- simple sac with ridges
Reptiles- divided into chambers (larger SA)
Mammals- extensively branched (very large SA)
Birds- continuous fresh air, consistent diffusion of gases into/out of blood (most efficient)
What are alveoli?
Bubble-like sacs in mammal lungs that increases Surface area!
What is the difference between open and closed circulatory systems. List an animal that has each type.
Open- blood not entirely contained within circulatory system (dumps into sinuses for gas exchange to
cells/tissues)
Closed- blood is entirely contained within circulatory system (gas exchange takes place in capillaries)
What is the organ that pumps blood around the body of an animal?
heart
Where does the blood diffuse from the vessels to the cells of the body in a closed circulatory system?
capillaries
How are single and double looped circulatory systems different? Describe the pathway of blood in each type,
and provide an example of an animal for each.
Single- blood is pumped from ventricle to gills (to get oxygen rich blood) then carried to body for gas
exchange (no oxygen poor blood), then back to heart
Double- blood is pumped from ventricle to lungs (to get oxygen rich blood) then carried back to heart.
Second loop is when blood is pumped to body and gas exchange occurs (now oxygen poor blood), then
back to heart to be pumped by 1st loop to lungs again
What is the difference between a ventricle and an atrium?
Ventricle- pumps blood away from heart atrium- receives blood from the body/lungs
How are the hearts of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals different? How does this difference make mammal
hearts more efficient?
Amphibians have 3 chambers, 1 ventricle where oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood mix before being
pumped to either the lungs or body
Reptiles have 3 chambers, 1 ventricle with a partial partition, which minimizes the mixing of oxygen
poor and rich blood
Mammals have 4 chambers, 2 separate ventricles, keeps oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood separate
