Biology Chapter 25-26

Question 1

What are the characteristics of all animals?

Answer 1

• Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, no cell walls

Question 2

What are the 2 large groups animals can be divided into?

Answer 2

Invertebrates, chordates

Question 3

What are the 4 characteristics of chordates?

Answer 3

• Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, tail that extends beyond the anus

Question 4

What is feedback inhibition and describe an example. (Remember: also called negative feedback)

Answer 4

• System in which the product or result of a process limits itself. - Shiver when cold, when I warm up from shivering I don’t shiver any more

Question 5

In what 3 major ways do animals maintain homeostasis?

Answer 5

Gathering and responding to information - Obtaining and distributing O2 and nutrients - Collecting and eliminating CO2 and wastes (ammonia)

Question 6

What body systems are used in:Gathering and responding to Info Obtaining and distributing Gases and Nutrients- Collecting and Eliminating Waste Products-

Answer 6

nervous system/musculoskeletal system circulatory/respiratory/digestive circulatory/respiratory/digestive/excretory

Question 7

What are the 4 levels of organization in animals?

Answer 7

Cells, tissue, organs, organ systems

Question 8

Describe and be able to identify the 2 types of symmetry. (Bilateral and radial)

Answer 8

• Bilateral- one plane of symmetry (mirrored left and right side) - Radial- multiple planes of symmetry (body parts extend from central point)

Question 9

Describe where each of the 3 germ layers are located and what each develops into.

Answer 9

Endoderm- inside (becomes digestive tract and respiratory systems) - Mesoderm- middle layer (becomes muscles, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems) - Ectoderm- outermost layer (becomes sense organs, skin, nerves)

Question 10

What is the difference between acoelomates, psuedocoelomates, and coelomates? List an example of each type.

Answer 10

Acoelomate- animal without a coelom (fluid filled body cavity lined with mesoderm) EX- flatworms - Pseudocoelomate- animal with coelom that is partially lined with mesoderm EX- roundworms - Coelomate- animals with true coelom that is completely lined with mesoderm EX- annelids

Question 11

What is a zygote? What is a blastula?

Answer 11

Zygote- Fertilized egg - Blastula- hollow ball of cells that develops from the zygote

Question 12

What are the differences between protostomes and deuterostomes?

Answer 12

Protostome- blastopore (folded in area of blastula) becomes the mouth of the organism (Arthropods, roundworms, annelids, mollusks) Deuterostome- blastopore becomes the anus of the organism (echinoderms and chordates)

Question 13

What is segmentation and cephalization?

Answer 13

Segmentation- Repeated body parts, can fuse together - Cephalization- concentration of sense organs in anterior end of organism (has a head)

Question 14

What other characteristics do animals that have appendages usually share?

Answer 14

Segmentation, bilateral symmetry

Question 15

When did invertebrates first appear? What were some characteristics of the first invertebrates?

Answer 15

600MYA/ TINY, SOFT-BODIED

Question 16

Describe the Cambrian Explosion.

Answer 16

A time period when invertebrates began evolving on many different paths very rapidly. Lots of diversity found in fossils of this time period

Question 17

Describe some characteristics of each invertebrate phyla. (study chart 26.1 notes) also…..

Answer 17

Sponges- multicellular, no tissues, no other major characteristics Cnidarians- multicellular, tissues, radial symmetry Arthropods- multicellular, tissues, 3 germ layers, bilateral, protostome development, true coelom, segmentation Roundworms- multicellular, tissues, 3 germ layers, bilateral, protostome development, true coelom Flatworms- multicellular, tissues, 3 germ layers, bilateral, protostome development, no coelom Annelids- multicellular, tissues, 3 germ layers, bilateral, protostome development, true coelom Mollusks- multicellular, tissues, 3 germ layers, bilateral, protostome development, true coelom, segmentation Echinoderms- multicellular, tissues, 3 germ layers, radial (as adults), deuterostome development

Question 18

When did the first chordates appear?

Answer 18

~550MYA

Question 19

What was the first chordate? What was the first vertebrate?

Answer 19

Pikaia first chordate - Myllokunmingia first vertebrate- skeleton of cartilage

Question 20

Describe some characteristics of each group of chordates.

Answer 20

Nonchordate invertebrates- as larvae they exhibit all chordates characteristics Jawless fish- some have vertebrae Sharks and relatives- have jaws and skeletons of cartilage Bony Fish- have true bones, (lobe-finned fish led to first land animals (tetrapods)) Amphibians- lungs, four limbs, able to keep from drying out, Reptiles- eggs in shell, dry skin, well-developed lungs Birds- (are reptiles, evolved from dinosaurs) have feathers, endotherms, strong lightweight bones, 2 legs with scales, wings Mammals- produce milk for young, care for young, regulate body temp, have hair, 4 chambered hearts Monotremes- lay eggs Marsupials- young finish development in external pouch Placentals- placenta exchanges gasses and nutrients without mixing blood between mother and baby