Biology chapter 31 Flashcards
Identify how the 3 types of Neurons found in the nervous system differ in function.
a) Sensory input—information gathered from stimuli inside and outside the body b) Integration—processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done c) Motor output—response performed by activating muscle or glands
What are the two major divisions of the nervous system? What does each include?
Central-Brain and spinal cord Peripheral-Nerves and supporting cells
The main portion of a nerve cell is called the
cell body
The nerve processes that conduct the impulse/action potential away from the cell body are called
Axon
The part of a nerve cell that receives impulses and carries them toward the cell body is called a/an
dendrites
_______ neurons conduct impulses away from the CNS.
motor
________ neurons conduct impulses to the CNS.
Sensory
the white fatty substance around the neurons that speeds up impulse transmission is called
myelin sheath
. The gap or space between the dendrites of receiving neurons and the axon of sending neurons is called the
synapse
A self-propagating wave of electrical charge that travels along the surface of the neuron membrane is called a/an _________ ___________. This change in electrical charge is due to the movement of______________.
action potential When a resting neuron is stimulated by another neuron in the environment an impulse starts and changes are reversed
Chemical compounds released to carry impulses across the synapse are called ______________.
neurotransmitters
The movement of sodium through the membrane into the cell creates a _________ charge inside and a __________ charge outside the membrane.
Positive negative
The neurotransmitter responsible for making you happy is known as
dopamine
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the
Brain and Spinal cord
Why is cerebrospinal fluid important to the brain and the spinal cord?
Watery fluid that circulates through the brain and spinal cord, formed from blood, functions as a watery cushion to protect the nervous tissue from blows and other trauma
What are the 2 other ways your body protects its CNS?
Bone Meninges-3 layers of connective tissue
Release neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine.
Synaptic vesicles
A group of nerve fibers that connect the cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus callosum
Regulates posture, maintains balance, and coordinates complex skeletal muscle movements.
cerebellum
Provides higher mental functions, including memory and reasoning
cerebrum
Relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum.
thalamus
Controls vital functions such as blood pressure and respiration.
hypothalamus
Connects the Nervous system with the Endocrine system.
brain stem
The cerebrum is divided into lobes and the two halves are called
hemispheres
The portion of the brain that is last to develop is the
Frontal lobe
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Important autonomic nervous system center, plays role in regulation of body temperature, water balance, and metabolism
Regulates balance, movement & coordination.
cerebellum
It controls vital functions such as heartbeat, breathing, etc.
brainstem
Center of vision and reading ability; conscious seeing.
occipital
Center of intellectual processes; reasoning, emotions; translation of thought patterns into speech.
parietal
This region is involved in the interpretation of auditory sensations. Involved with olfaction, language, and emotional behavior.
temporal
Define Drug.
any substance that changes the structure or function of the body by affecting the synapses
How are stimulants different from depressants?
Stimulates increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate Depressants decrease heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate
WHY does addition occur? (what happens in the brain)
Brain reacts to excessive neurotransmitters (dopamine) by reducing the number of receptors
T/F Teen brains are more susceptible to drug abuse than adult brains.
true
The ______________ division dominates control of many visceral organ effectors under normal, everyday conditions.
Parasympathetic
The _______________ __ division serves as the emergency or stress system (fight or flight) in the body.
Sympathetic
Explain why brain surgery can be performed on awake patients
Not all parts of the body are equally sensitive to touch b/c the number of receptors varies
What specialized part (receptor) helps you smell and taste?
chemoreceptors
Explain how hearing works using appropriate vocabulary.
1.Vibrations enter ear and cause tympanic membrane to vibrate 2. create pressure waves in fluid filled cochlea 3. Sensory receptors in cochlea send impulses to brain
Why is the pupil of the eye able to adjust very rapidly?
homeostasis
Identify the type of photoreceptor that is failing in a colorblind individual.
cones
What are the glands?
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, gonands, thymus, pancreas,
What hormone is produced in each gland? hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, gonands, thymus, pancreas,
hypothalamus- releasing horomones pituitary- Antidiuretic Horomone (ADH) , Oxytocin, growth horomone, follicle stimulating horomone Thyroid-thyroxine Parathyroid-parathyroid horomone Adrenal– Cortex- Cortisol and Aldosterone Medulla-Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Pancreas- Insulin and Glucagon Gonands- Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone Thymus-Thymosin
What does that gland do? hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, gonands, thymus, pancreas,
hypothalamus-controls pituitary pituitary- “master gland” horomones control growth/ regulate other glands thyroid-regulates metabolism adrenal- deals with stress parathyroid-regulates calcium/phosphate ions in blood, essential for proper bone growth, muscle tone, and nerve activity gonads- ovaries and testes thymus-stimulate antibodies for immunity pancreas- lowers/raises blood sugar and tells when to store fat
What are some conditions associated with this hormone failure?
thyroid- Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, cretinism, goiter Parathyroid-Osteoperosis Pancreas- Diabetes, Hypoglycemia
Research the whole track thingy
k
do the thang
A=axon
B= Dendrites
C=Mylin Sheath
D= Nucleus
E= Nodes
A=Neurotransmitter
B= Vesicle
C=Axon
D=Synaptic Cleft
E= Dendrite
Leptin Pathway
Fat
Hypothalamus
Liver
Model of insulin/glucagon Pathway
Liver, skeletal muscle, fat
blood stream
pancreas
