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10th Grade > Biology Chapter 12&13 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 12&13 Flashcards

1
Q

How did Griffith discover transformation? What did he conclude? (Hint-mice and bacteria pg 339)

A

He took different strands of bacteria- injected into mice to see if they lived. -harmless strain and heat treated bacteria when injected separately did NOT kill the mice But when mixed together the mice died and Griffith found that live harmful bacteria was in the mice??? How? TRANSFORMATION!

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2
Q

Avery- copied Griffith’s experiment but made it more detailed… What did he discover?

A

That it was the DNA that was responsible fore transformation

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3
Q

Hershey-Chase What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects bacteria cells

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4
Q

What did Hershey and Chase discover? How did they discover it?

A

That bacteriophage inject their DNA into bacteria, so they concluded it is the DNA that carries genes Marked the protein coat and the DNA with different radioactive isotopes to “flag” the parts and looked to see which isotope entered the bacteria (It was the phosphorus, which flagged the DNA)

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5
Q

Describe the 3 roles of DNA in a cell (storing info, copying info, and transmitting info)

A

Storing information- has information to produce the organism and its traits Copying information- important for cell division- have full sets of DNA in each cell Transmitting information- sorting and passing important info in gamete production

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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A
  1. nitrogenous base 2. 5 carbon sugar (in DNA- deoxyribose) 3. phosphate group
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7
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases (that make DNA)

A
  1. adenine 2. cytosine 3. thymine 4. guanine
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8
Q

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

A

A=T and C=G

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9
Q

What did Franklin, Watson and Crick learn about the structure of DNA?

A

Shape- Double helix how many strands- 2 where are the nitrogenous bases in the structure- in the middle (Franklin used X-ray diffraction while Watson/Crick used models)

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10
Q

What is base-pairing?

A

When certain bases (A and T/ C and G) create Hydrogen bonds between them

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11
Q

What keeps the two strands of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

Why are the 2 strands considered complementary?

A

Because 1 strand can be used to make the other (base pairing)

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13
Q

Differences in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells’ DNA Location of DNA Size of DNA Replication points

A

Differences in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells’ DNA Location of DNA-cytoplasm nucleus Size of DNA -Small large Replication points-1 Many (hundreds) 1 Many (hundreds)

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14
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

The process of copying DNA using base pairing before cell division

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15
Q

How do the 2 strands of DNA split for replication to take place?

A

Enzymes break the H-bonds or “unzip” the 2 strands

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16
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Uses base pairing to connect individual nucleotides to the growing strand of new DNA

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17
Q

What are the 3 main differences between DNA and RNA Strand Number Sugar Different Bases

A

What are the 3 main differences between DNA and RNA Strand Number- 1, 2 Sugar- Ribose, Deoxyribose Different Bases- Uracil, Thymine

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18
Q

3 Types of RNA Full Name Function

A

3 Types of RNA Full Name Function mRNA Messenger RNA Transcribes DNA to have a copy for the cell to use in rRNA Ribosomal RNA Makes up the parts of a ribosome tRNA Transfer RNA Translates mRNA into amino acid chain by “reading” translation codons, using anticodons

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19
Q

What is transcription?

A

Segments of DNA serve as a template to produce mRNA using base pairing

20
Q

What enzyme is involved in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

21
Q

What are promoters?

A

Sequences of DNA where transcription begins

22
Q

What are introns and exons? Which type is spliced out of RNA sequences before they leave the nucleus?

A

Introns- parts of mRNA that are cut out before it leaves the nucleus Exons- parts left after editing that are spliced together and will be used for trnslation

23
Q

Know how to read the chart on page 367. For example: what are the codons that code for the amino acid Lysine.

A

AAA and AAG

24
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of 3 bases that code for a specific amino acid

25
Q

How many codons can be created from the different bases?

A

64

26
Q

What is the start codon?

A

_A_ _U_ _G_

27
Q

How many stop codons are there?

A

3

28
Q

What is translation?

A

The process by which mRNA is converted into a sequence of amino acids (protein is made)

29
Q

The steps of translation….

A
  1. mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus then goes into cytoplasm and attaches to ribosome 2. Translation begins at start codon (AUG) of the mRNA. Each tRNA has an anticodon that is complementary to one of the mRNA’s codons. tRNA molecules carry amino acids coded by their anticodon and the amino acids are connected in the ribosome. 3. Process continues to move in more tRNA (carrying amino acids) and connecting the amino acids to form a polypeptide 4. Process continues until a stop codon is reached in the mRNA 5. Then the polypeptide is released from the ribosome (along with the tRNA)
30
Q

Which is which… DNA and RNA, disposable copy and master copy

A

Master (DNA) disposable(RNA)

31
Q

Key point= DNA codes for proteins

A

In processes called transcription and translation

32
Q

What is the definition of gene expression?

A

Process of DNA producing RNA which produces protein The protein then carries out its function in the cell

33
Q

would affect gene expression (if a gene is “on” then the proteins can be made)

A

Genes may be turned off or on in the cell…..this

34
Q

What are mutations?

A

Heritable changes in genetic information (DNA)

35
Q

What are gene mutations? Examples (3 types).

A

Mutations that involve changes in 1 or a few nucleotides Substitution Insertion Deletion

36
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

Mutations that occur at 1 point in the DNA (1 nucleotide)

37
Q

What are 3 types of point mutations (include an explanation)?

A

Substitution- ATG ACG Deletion- ATG AG Insertions- ATG ATCG

38
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

A mutation that shift the way codons are read (grouped) Changes the codons that are after the mutation (pg 373)

39
Q

Be able to identify gene mutations from examples. (Study diagrams on page 373)

A

And chromosomal mutations on 374!

40
Q

What are chromosomal mutations? Examples (4 types)?

A

Involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation

41
Q

How often is there a mistake made in DNA replication?

A

1 time every 10 million bases

42
Q

What are mutagens?

A

Chemical or physical agents in the environment that affect DNA

43
Q

Most mutations do not have an affect of the gene expression… What does that mean??

A

The mutation does NOT change the look or function of the organism

44
Q

Some mutations change protein structure, what can their affect be? (examples?)

A

Proteins will not function properly Organism will look/function differently

45
Q

Why are mutations necessary for evolution to occur?

A

To help species adapt to changing environments (beneficial mutations passes down through generations)

46
Q

What is polyploidy? How can it be beneficial?

A

Organism that have multiple sets of chromosomes (3N or 4N) It can make organisms (especially plants) larger and stronger

10th Grade (26 decks)

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