Bio Ch. 8&9 Flashcards
What is the difference between a heterotroph and an autotroph? List an example of each.
Heterotroph- organisms that eat (consume) to get food (for energy)- animals, fungi, some bacteria
Autotroph- organisms that make their own food using the process of photosynthesis- plants, algae, some bacteria
What is the difference between a heterotroph in and autotroph? list an example of each
Heterotroph- organisms that can eat (or consume) to get food (for energy)- animals fungi some bacteria
autotroph- organisms that make their own food using the process of photosynthesis -plants algae and some bacteria
What is ATP and how is it important to living things?
Adenosine triphosphate- used for energy in cells (to do things like active transport, protein synthesis etc.)
What are the 3 parts of an ATP molecule?
Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups
Why does a cell not have a lot of ATP “sitting around” all the time?
Because it is a good molecule to transfer energy but not to store it
What is the main way that cells store chemical energy?
sugar
How is energy released from an ATP molecule?
By breaking the bond between the 2nd
and 3rd
phosphate group
How are ADP and ATP related and how do they contribute to cell activity?
ADP is made from ATP having the bond broken to release energy…. ADP can be “recycled” into ATP using
the energy from sugar
What is photosynthesis?
The process of using sunlight to make sugar
What organelle in a cell does photosynthesis occur in?
chloroplasts
What is a pigment? What is the main pigment in plants?
A light absorbing molecule
chlorophyll
Why do most plants look green?
Because chlorophyll absorbs blue, violet, and red light well but reflects green light
What are the main parts of a chloroplast? Be able to label a diagram (reference pg 231)
Thylakoids- stacks of membranes that contain the chlorophyll
Stroma- fluid area around the thylakoids
Grana- stacks of thylakoids
Why is NADP+ important in the process of photosynthesis?
It is a carrier molecule (to carry high-energy electrons)
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O and light C6H12O6 + 6O2
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, water, and light
Summarize the light-dependent reactions. (what does it use, make, and where does it take place).
Uses- Water, light, ADP, NADP+ makes- oxygen, ATP, NADPH takes place- in the thylakoids
Summarize the light-independent reactions. (what does it use, make, and where does it take place).
Uses- ATP, NADPH, carbon dioxide makes- sugar takes place- in the stroma
What are three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis and how does each affect the rate?
- Light intensity- more intense= faster rate of PS
- Temperature- lower temp = slower rate of PS (because of enzymes not working as fast)
- Water- shortages= slower rate of PS
What is another name for the light-independent reactions?
Calvin Cycle
How are the terms calorie and Calorie related? If a person consumes 8000 calories, how many Calories have
they consumed?
1 Calorie = 1000 calories.
8
Why is it important for cellular respiration break food molecules down slowly?
So not as much energy is lost as light/heat….it is actually contained and used by the cell
What is cellular respiration?
The process of releasing chemical energy from food to use for activities in the cell
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Energy, carbon dioxide, and water
What is the chemical formula of cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration (in order)?
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
How much ATP does glycolysis produce?
2 ATP
How much ATP does the Krebs cycle produce?
2 ATP
How much ATP does the electron transport chain produce?
32 ATP
How are aerobic and anaerobic processes different?
Aerobic- need oxygen to work
Anaerobic- works in the absence of oxygen
Which stages of cellular respiration are aerobic (require oxygen)?
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
Which stage of cellular respiration does not require oxygen?
glycolysis
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
They balance each other in nature…. They are opposite processes
What organisms perform cellular respiration?
What organisms perform cellular respiration?
What organisms perform photosynthesis?
Plants, algae, some bacteria
What is fermentation? What are the 2 types?
The release of energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen (creates ATP)
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation
List 2 examples of alcoholic fermentation.
Yeast cells- raising bread dough
Yeast- making alcoholic beverages
List 2 food products that are made using lactic acid fermentation.
Yogurt, cheese, pickles, sour cream
What sources of ATP is used when running for 60 seconds?
The ATP stored in the cell (a few seconds worth)
Lactic acid fermentation
What sources of ATP are used when running a 5K?
Cellular respiration
How long should someone do aerobic exercise for if they are trying to lose weight?
Over 20 minutes
Why do people breathe deeply and “huff and puff” after a 100m dash?
What is the body trying to do?
The lactic acid build up during the lactic acid fermentation needs to be removed from the cell- this process takes
oxygen
The body is trying to recover from the “oxygen debt”
Why is it important for hibernating animals to have fat stored when they go through long periods without
eating?
So that ATP can still be produced (to be used in cellular activity) without a new intake of more food molecules
