Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Week 9 Flashcards
what is the immune system all animals have
innate immunity
what is the first barrier of the immune system
innate immunity
what are some examples of barrier defenses
skin mucus, body fluids, low ph of the skin and digestive system
what is the second barrier of the immune system
adaptive
what are the different types of phagocyctic cells
neutrophils
macrophages
eosinophils
dendritic cells
what does interferon do
they are proteins that provide innate defense against viruses and help activate macrophages
what do the complement systems do
cause lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflammation
what happens during the inflammatory response
the mast cells release histamine which promotes changes in blood vessels to increase local blood supply
what is a fever
a systemic inflammatory response
what is septic shock
an overwhelming inflammatory response
what are natural killer cells
the cells that attack the damaged cells that no longer express the MHC protein
adaptive immunity occurs only in
vertebrates
adaptive immunity relies on what kind of cells
T and B cells
B cells develop and mature in the
bone marrow
T cells develop in the bone marrow but mature in the
thymus glad
white blood cells recognize and respond to
antigens, foreign molecules
what are the two branches of acquired immunity
humoral and cell mediated
what is the humoral response
involves activation and clonal section of B cells resulting in production of antibodies
what is cell mediated immune response
involves activation of T cells
what are cytokines
secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells to recruit and activate lymphocytes
what does immunisation do
induces primary immune response and immunological memory
passive immunity is transferred from
mother to child
what are polyclonal antibodies
products of B cells
what are monoclonal antibodies
prepared from B cells grown in culture
what is IgA do
passive immunity
what does IgE do
histamine production, allergies
what does igD do
B cells
innate immunity is activated
immediately upon infection
engulfing phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except
Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells
but not natural killer cells
an inflammation causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is
histamine
a systemic inflammatory response that is often life threatening is
septic shock
salmonella bacterial poisoning can be initiated when
the microbe survives the acidic environment of the stomach and resists lysosomal degradation in macrophages
the complement system is
a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion
the cells and signaling molecules that initate inflammatory responses are
the mast cells and histamines
inflammatory responses typically include
increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin
activates a group of proteins called complement
an invertebrate such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes
lysozyme
septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to
certain bacterial infections
adaptive immunity depends on
pathogen-specific recognition
bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its
toll like receptors that bind to liopolysaccharides
a key part of the humoral immune response is
the production of antibodies by plasma cells
the receptors on T cells and B cells bind to
antigens
antigens are
foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies
a newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely
be unable to differentiate and mature T cells
secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of
memory cells
the MHC is important in a T cell’s ability to
distinguish self from non-self
a patient who can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but not against viral infections probably has a disorder in his
T cells
the activation of helper T cells is likely
when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell
immunological memory accounts for
the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased
the function of antibodies is to
mark pathogenic cells for destruction
the cell mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves
cytotoxic T cells
which of the following cells are involved in cell mediated immunity and also respond to Class 1 MHC molecule antigen complexes
cytotoxic T cells
the cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumors are
natural killer cells
a cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell mediated immune pathways is a
helper T cell
antibodies of the different classes differ from each other
in their heavy chain structure
the primary function of humoral immunity is
to protect the body against extracellular pathogens
naturally acquired passive immunity results from the
placental transfer of antibodies
in active immunity, but not passive immunity, there is
the requirement for direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen
infection with HIV typically
increases the level of helper T cells for the first year after infection
the transfusion of type A blood to a person who has type O blood would result in
the recipient’s anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells
an immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because
MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules
in the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient’s own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as
an autoimmune disease
an example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is
the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins
preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of
blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells
A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should be first treated with
antihistamines
a patient who has a parasitic worm infection and another patient responding to an allergen such as ragweed pollen have which of the following in common
an increase in the levels of IgE
