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ICTCM Year 2 > Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Week 9 > Flashcards

Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the immune system all animals have

A

innate immunity

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2
Q

what is the first barrier of the immune system

A

innate immunity

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3
Q

what are some examples of barrier defenses

A

skin mucus, body fluids, low ph of the skin and digestive system

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4
Q

what is the second barrier of the immune system

A

adaptive

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5
Q

what are the different types of phagocyctic cells

A

neutrophils
macrophages
eosinophils
dendritic cells

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6
Q

what does interferon do

A

they are proteins that provide innate defense against viruses and help activate macrophages

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7
Q

what do the complement systems do

A

cause lysis of invading cells and helps trigger inflammation

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8
Q

what happens during the inflammatory response

A

the mast cells release histamine which promotes changes in blood vessels to increase local blood supply

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9
Q

what is a fever

A

a systemic inflammatory response

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10
Q

what is septic shock

A

an overwhelming inflammatory response

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11
Q

what are natural killer cells

A

the cells that attack the damaged cells that no longer express the MHC protein

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12
Q

adaptive immunity occurs only in

A

vertebrates

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13
Q

adaptive immunity relies on what kind of cells

A

T and B cells

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14
Q

B cells develop and mature in the

A

bone marrow

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15
Q

T cells develop in the bone marrow but mature in the

A

thymus glad

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16
Q

white blood cells recognize and respond to

A

antigens, foreign molecules

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17
Q

what are the two branches of acquired immunity

A

humoral and cell mediated

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18
Q

what is the humoral response

A

involves activation and clonal section of B cells resulting in production of antibodies

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19
Q

what is cell mediated immune response

A

involves activation of T cells

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20
Q

what are cytokines

A

secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells to recruit and activate lymphocytes

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21
Q

what does immunisation do

A

induces primary immune response and immunological memory

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22
Q

passive immunity is transferred from

A

mother to child

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23
Q

what are polyclonal antibodies

A

products of B cells

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24
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies

A

prepared from B cells grown in culture

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25
Q

what is IgA do

A

passive immunity

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26
Q

what does IgE do

A

histamine production, allergies

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27
Q

what does igD do

A

B cells

28
Q

innate immunity is activated

A

immediately upon infection

29
Q

engulfing phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

but not natural killer cells

30
Q

an inflammation causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is

A

histamine

31
Q

a systemic inflammatory response that is often life threatening is

A

septic shock

32
Q

salmonella bacterial poisoning can be initiated when

A

the microbe survives the acidic environment of the stomach and resists lysosomal degradation in macrophages

33
Q

the complement system is

A

a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion

34
Q

the cells and signaling molecules that initate inflammatory responses are

A

the mast cells and histamines

35
Q

inflammatory responses typically include

A

increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area

36
Q

bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin

A

activates a group of proteins called complement

37
Q

an invertebrate such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes

A

lysozyme

38
Q

septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to

A

certain bacterial infections

39
Q

adaptive immunity depends on

A

pathogen-specific recognition

40
Q

bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its

A

toll like receptors that bind to liopolysaccharides

41
Q

a key part of the humoral immune response is

A

the production of antibodies by plasma cells

42
Q

the receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

A

antigens

43
Q

antigens are

A

foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies

44
Q

a newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely

A

be unable to differentiate and mature T cells

45
Q

secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of

A

memory cells

46
Q

the MHC is important in a T cell’s ability to

A

distinguish self from non-self

47
Q

a patient who can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but not against viral infections probably has a disorder in his

A

T cells

48
Q

the activation of helper T cells is likely

A

when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell

49
Q

immunological memory accounts for

A

the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased

50
Q

the function of antibodies is to

A

mark pathogenic cells for destruction

51
Q

the cell mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves

A

cytotoxic T cells

52
Q

which of the following cells are involved in cell mediated immunity and also respond to Class 1 MHC molecule antigen complexes

A

cytotoxic T cells

53
Q

the cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumors are

A

natural killer cells

54
Q

a cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell mediated immune pathways is a

A

helper T cell

55
Q

antibodies of the different classes differ from each other

A

in their heavy chain structure

56
Q

the primary function of humoral immunity is

A

to protect the body against extracellular pathogens

57
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity results from the

A

placental transfer of antibodies

58
Q

in active immunity, but not passive immunity, there is

A

the requirement for direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen

59
Q

infection with HIV typically

A

increases the level of helper T cells for the first year after infection

60
Q

the transfusion of type A blood to a person who has type O blood would result in

A

the recipient’s anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells

61
Q

an immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because

A

MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules

62
Q

in the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient’s own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as

A

an autoimmune disease

63
Q

an example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

A

the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins

64
Q

preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of

A

blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells

65
Q

A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should be first treated with

A

antihistamines

66
Q

a patient who has a parasitic worm infection and another patient responding to an allergen such as ragweed pollen have which of the following in common

A

an increase in the levels of IgE

ICTCM Year 2 (24 decks)

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