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ICTCM Year 2 > Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Weeks 3, 4 > Flashcards

Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Weeks 3, 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Naming and classifying living organisms?

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2
Q

How many domains are there?

A

3

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3
Q

How many kingdoms are there?

A

5

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4
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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5
Q

Why do Bacteria and Archaea share a kingdom?

A

Because they are both prokoaryotic

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6
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

They chemically make their own food through photosynthesis

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7
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

They obtain their food by absorbing the nutrients they eat

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8
Q

What are the two classifications of Eukarya

A

Mostly unicellular and multicellular

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9
Q

What are the two types of multicellular organisms?

A

Heterotrphs and autotrophs

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10
Q

What are the two ways heterotrophs get food?

A

Absorbing it (fungi) or ingesting it (animalia)

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11
Q

What is the kingdom that is autotroph?

A

Plantae

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12
Q

What is the kingdom that is mostly unicellular?

A

Protists

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13
Q

What is the kingdom that is both domain bacteria and domain archaea?

A

Monera

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14
Q

What is the size comparison of viruses and bacteria?

A

Bacteria is much larger than viruses, bacteria is much smaller than an animal cell

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15
Q

What is the kingdom Monera/Eubacteria?

A

The bacteria on your skin, your sweat glands excrete lysozyme which lyse/break certain types of bacteria

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16
Q

Does bacteria have membranous organelles?

A

No

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17
Q

How does bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission

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18
Q

What is a photoautotroph?

A

It needs light and CO2 in order to make food (like plants)

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19
Q

What is a chemoautotroph?

A

It energy source is inorganic chemicals and CO2

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20
Q

What is a photoheterotroph?

A

It uses light and organic compounds for a food source

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21
Q

What is a chemoheterotroph?

A

it uses organic compounds only

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22
Q

What are the roles of bacteria in the environment?

A 
Decomposition
Food for other species
Fixes Nitrogen
Releases oxygen
Pathogens
Food source
Symbiosis
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23
Q

What does decomposition by bacteria mean?

A

It is the natural process of dead animal or plant tissue being rotted or broken down. This process is carried out by invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria

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24
Q

How does bacteria become food for other species?

A

like yoghurt, or an earthworm

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25
Q

What is symbiosis/mutualism

A

Mutualism is any relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit

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26
Q

What kind of symbiotic relationships do humans have?

A

With bacteria in the digestive tract? The bacteria makes vitamins for humans and helps in digestion of food, in return they use the food in human digestive systems

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27
Q

What does it mean when bacteria fixes nitrogen?

A

Bacteria convert atmospheric Nitrogen into the proper chemical form of nitrogen that is essential for the growth of plants

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28
Q

What kind of bacteria releases oxygen?

A

Photoautotrophic bacteria such as photosynthetic prokaryotes

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29
Q

Antibiotics are produced by:

A

bacteria

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30
Q

What kind of bacteria produces outbreaks?

A

Pathogenic bacteria

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31
Q

What is Archaebacteria?

A

Ancient bacteria such as Archaea which were fond in the harshest environments on earth

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32
Q

What are the three different shapes of bacteria?

A

Rod, round, spiral

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33
Q

What are the distinctive characteristics of the Kingdom Monera?

A

Small size, lack of membranous organelles, and the presence of a cell wall with unique biochemical composition

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34
Q

Is there nutritional and metabolic diversity of bacteria?

A

Yes, some have different reproduction modes and energy/nutritional requirements

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35
Q

What kind of organisms are in a drop of water?

A

Protista

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36
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of protists?

A

They are more diverse than all other eukaryotes and are no longer classified in a single kingdom. They contain cells with a nucleus and membrane. They are mostly unicellular except for algae and colonies. They have an aquatic habitat.

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37
Q

What are the nutritional modes of protists?

A

Photoautotroph - plant like, Chemoheterotroph - animal like (ingest and absorb food)

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38
Q

What kinds of different algae are there

A

Green, red, brown

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39
Q

What is green algae called?

A

Chlorophyta

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40
Q

What is red algae called?

A

Rhodophyta

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41
Q

What is brown algae called?

A

Phaeophyta

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42
Q

What are the ecological roles of protists?

A

They are food for other species, they release oxygen, they are a pathogen, and they are a decomposer

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43
Q

What are an example of unicellular protists?

A

Euglena, paramecium, and ameba

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44
Q

What are an example of unicellular protists?

A

Volvox and some slime molds

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45
Q

What characteristics do the kingdom fungi have?

A

Eukarotic, multicellular, heterotrphic (absorb food)

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46
Q

Fungi is most closely related to

A

Animals

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47
Q

What are the two parts of the fungi?

A

Hyphae (filaments) and Mycellum

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48
Q

What is the role of fungi in the ecosystem?

A

Decomposers

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49
Q

What is the role of fungi as decomposers?

A

Fungi and bacteria are primarily responsible for keeping ecosystems stocked with the inorganic nutrients essential for plant growth. Without these decomposers, carbon, nitrogen, and other elements would become tied up in organic matter. Plants and animals that eat them could not exist because elements taken from the soil would not be returned.

50
Q

How does fungi serve as nutrition?

A

From saprobes and parasites

51
Q

How does fungi have a symbiotic relationship?

A

With mycorrhizae and lichens

52
Q

Are there also pathogenic fungi?

A

Yes

53
Q

What is mycosis?

A

Fungal diseases in animals

54
Q

What are the cell walls of fungi made up of?

A

Chitin

55
Q

What are the three major phyla of fungi?

A

Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

56
Q

What are th emajor roles played by Fungi in the biosphere?

A

Decomposers
Symbionts
Pathogens for platns and animals
Food for other species (mushrooms)

57
Q

All fungi are multicellular but some have a unicellular form that is called

A

Yeast

58
Q

Lichens result from the symbiosis of a fungus and a

A

green alga

59
Q

Bacterial reproduction in which one bacterium is the donor and the other is the recipient is called

A

Conjugation

60
Q

The first eukaryotes were

A

Protists that had a flagella

61
Q

Protists are all alike in that they all are

A

Eukaryotes

62
Q

What are the characteristics of the kingdom animalia?

A

Multicellular, heterotrophs, ingest food

63
Q

All animals come from

A

protists

64
Q

What were the first animals called?

A

Proifera

65
Q

What are phylogenetic relationships?

A

The study of members of one kingdom in terms of the different characteristics of evolution with the others

66
Q

After a sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division called

A

cleavage

67
Q

Cleavage leads to formation of a

A

blastula

68
Q

The blastula undergoes

A

gastrulation

69
Q

Gastrulation means

A

it forms a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues

70
Q

What are the three embryonic layers

A

Mesoderm, Endoderm, Ectoderm

71
Q

What happens right after gastrulation?

A

The development of the mouth and anus

72
Q

During development, the three layers of the embryo give rise to?

A

the tissues and organs of the animal embryo

73
Q

What are the fourt ypes of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

74
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

cutting planes produce identical pieces, the animal has a top and a bottom surface only

75
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

Only one plane, called the sagittal plane wiill divide an organism into roughly mirror image halves

76
Q

What did development of symmetry do for the animals?

A

Better adaption to the environment

77
Q

What is the porifera animal group?

A

They are sesssile sponges that are filled with pores and have flagellated internal water chambers

78
Q

What animal group comes after porifera?

A

cnidaria

79
Q

What are the two types of animal group cnidaria?

A

polyp form and medusa form

80
Q

What is the key branch point of the phylum cnidaria?

A

Tissue organization, digestive cavity, radial symmetry

81
Q

What phyla comes after cnidarian?

A

Platyhelminthes

82
Q

What is the key branch point of the platyhelminthes

A

Bilateral symmetry (creates movement)

83
Q

What are some examples of platyhelminthes?

A

flatworms

84
Q

Describe the platyhelminthes

A

They are starting to have organs, bilateral symmetry, flat bodies

85
Q

What is the phyla after pltyhelminthes?

A

Rotifera and Nematoda

86
Q

What is the key branch point for nematoda and rotifera?

A

Body cavities

87
Q

Describe the nematoda and rotifera

A

cylindric body, organ systems, complete digestive tract, bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelom

88
Q

Why are roundworms more advanced than flatworms?

A

Because they have one more layer in the mesoderm to create the pseudocoelom

89
Q

What phyla comes after the rotifera and nematoda?

A

Annelida, Mollusca, and arthropoda

90
Q

What is the key branch point of the annelida, mollusca, and arthropoda?

A

Body cavities (coelom)

91
Q

What is a coelum?

A

A cavity filled with fluid within the mesoderm

92
Q

Describe the Annelida?

A

Leeches/worms with a segmented body, organ systems, bilateral symmetry, complete digestive tract, true coelom, and a *closed circulatory system

93
Q

What are the different types of arthropoda?

A

Arachnides, myriapods, crustaceans, and insects

94
Q

Describe the arthropoda

A

segmented bodies, organ systems, bilateral symmetry, 2 gut openings, coelom, *exoskeleton, *appendages, open circulatory system

95
Q

Describe the mollusca

A

Snakes, slugs, octopus
Shelled, mantle, visceral mass, gills (initial respiratory system), bilateral symmetry, gut with 2 openings, coeolum, open circulatory system, feet (skills in movement)

96
Q

What comes after th ephyla annelida, mollusca, and arthropoda?

A

Echinodermata and Chordata

97
Q

What is the key branch point for the echinodermata and chordata?

A

Deuterostomes

98
Q

Describe the echinodermata

A

starfish, sea cucumbers
Organ systems, complete digestive tract, coelom, radial symmetry (because it is better if you depend on water movement), sessile, endoskeleton, water vascular system

99
Q

Which phyla has the main milestone of tissue level of organization?

A

Cnidaria

100
Q

which phyla has the main milestone of bilateral symmetry?

A

Platyhelminthes

101
Q

Which phyla has the main milestone of the real coelom

A

Mollusca, Arthropoda, Annelida

102
Q

Which phyla has the main milestone of deuterostomes?

A

Echinodermata and chordata

103
Q

What are the milestones within the phyla chordata?

A

brain, skull, skeleton column, jaws, bones, lungs warm blooded, and finally milk

104
Q

What is the most evolved class of the phylum cordata?

A

Class mammalian

105
Q

Describe the mammalia

A

Bony skeleton, tetrapods, mammary glands, hairy skin, larger brains, four chambered heart, warm blooded, very complete endoskeletal system, very complete nervous system

106
Q

What does warm blooded mean for the animals?

A

they are able to perform homeostasis better

107
Q

All animals

A

Are heterotrophic: they eat other aniamls

Share a common ancestor

108
Q

T/F Animals are not all descended from a common ancestor

A

False

109
Q

Animals are all

A

Descended from a common ancestor, are multicellular, are heterotrophic, are eukaryotes

110
Q

Animals all do not

A

have defined tissues

111
Q

The most ancient branching point in the phylogeny of animals is the one that distinguishes

A

defined tissues or no tissues

112
Q

Some general evolutionary change trends in animals include

A

larger body size, bilateral symmetry, and growth by continuous addition to skeletal elements

113
Q

Most species of animals are

A

invertebrates

114
Q

What is the body plan of modtern sponges?

A

An aggregation of cells built around a water canal system

115
Q

Sponges of the phylum porifera are sessile, meaning that they

A

live attached to a solid structure and do not move around

116
Q

Members of which phyla exhibit radial symmetry?

A

Cnidaria

117
Q

segmented worms, roundworms, and flatworms are all what kind of symmetry?

A

bilateral

118
Q

all arthropods have

A

a chintinous exoskeleton and jointed appendages

119
Q

Echinoderm larvae and adults are what kind of symmetry?

A

bilaterally symmetrical and then radially symmetrical

120
Q

Describe three characteristics of animals

A

Multicellular eukaryotic
Heterotroph
Ingest food to receive energy

121
Q

All chordata have

A

a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, gills, and a postanal tail
In humans there is a notocord in embryonic stage that is replaced by the vertebral column. The dorsal nerve cord is replaced by the central nervous system. the gill is replaced by lungs, and postanal tail is replaced by the coccyx

ICTCM Year 2 (24 decks)

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