Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Weeks 3, 4 Flashcards
What is taxonomy?
Naming and classifying living organisms?
How many domains are there?
3
How many kingdoms are there?
5
What are the three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Why do Bacteria and Archaea share a kingdom?
Because they are both prokoaryotic
What is an autotroph?
They chemically make their own food through photosynthesis
What is a heterotroph?
They obtain their food by absorbing the nutrients they eat
What are the two classifications of Eukarya
Mostly unicellular and multicellular
What are the two types of multicellular organisms?
Heterotrphs and autotrophs
What are the two ways heterotrophs get food?
Absorbing it (fungi) or ingesting it (animalia)
What is the kingdom that is autotroph?
Plantae
What is the kingdom that is mostly unicellular?
Protists
What is the kingdom that is both domain bacteria and domain archaea?
Monera
What is the size comparison of viruses and bacteria?
Bacteria is much larger than viruses, bacteria is much smaller than an animal cell
What is the kingdom Monera/Eubacteria?
The bacteria on your skin, your sweat glands excrete lysozyme which lyse/break certain types of bacteria
Does bacteria have membranous organelles?
No
How does bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission
What is a photoautotroph?
It needs light and CO2 in order to make food (like plants)
What is a chemoautotroph?
It energy source is inorganic chemicals and CO2
What is a photoheterotroph?
It uses light and organic compounds for a food source
What is a chemoheterotroph?
it uses organic compounds only
What are the roles of bacteria in the environment?
Decomposition Food for other species Fixes Nitrogen Releases oxygen Pathogens Food source Symbiosis
What does decomposition by bacteria mean?
It is the natural process of dead animal or plant tissue being rotted or broken down. This process is carried out by invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria
How does bacteria become food for other species?
like yoghurt, or an earthworm
What is symbiosis/mutualism
Mutualism is any relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit
What kind of symbiotic relationships do humans have?
With bacteria in the digestive tract? The bacteria makes vitamins for humans and helps in digestion of food, in return they use the food in human digestive systems
What does it mean when bacteria fixes nitrogen?
Bacteria convert atmospheric Nitrogen into the proper chemical form of nitrogen that is essential for the growth of plants
What kind of bacteria releases oxygen?
Photoautotrophic bacteria such as photosynthetic prokaryotes
Antibiotics are produced by:
bacteria
What kind of bacteria produces outbreaks?
Pathogenic bacteria
What is Archaebacteria?
Ancient bacteria such as Archaea which were fond in the harshest environments on earth
What are the three different shapes of bacteria?
Rod, round, spiral
What are the distinctive characteristics of the Kingdom Monera?
Small size, lack of membranous organelles, and the presence of a cell wall with unique biochemical composition
Is there nutritional and metabolic diversity of bacteria?
Yes, some have different reproduction modes and energy/nutritional requirements
What kind of organisms are in a drop of water?
Protista
What are the distinguishing characteristics of protists?
They are more diverse than all other eukaryotes and are no longer classified in a single kingdom. They contain cells with a nucleus and membrane. They are mostly unicellular except for algae and colonies. They have an aquatic habitat.
What are the nutritional modes of protists?
Photoautotroph - plant like, Chemoheterotroph - animal like (ingest and absorb food)
What kinds of different algae are there
Green, red, brown
What is green algae called?
Chlorophyta
What is red algae called?
Rhodophyta
What is brown algae called?
Phaeophyta
What are the ecological roles of protists?
They are food for other species, they release oxygen, they are a pathogen, and they are a decomposer
What are an example of unicellular protists?
Euglena, paramecium, and ameba
What are an example of unicellular protists?
Volvox and some slime molds
What characteristics do the kingdom fungi have?
Eukarotic, multicellular, heterotrphic (absorb food)
Fungi is most closely related to
Animals
What are the two parts of the fungi?
Hyphae (filaments) and Mycellum
What is the role of fungi in the ecosystem?
Decomposers
What is the role of fungi as decomposers?
Fungi and bacteria are primarily responsible for keeping ecosystems stocked with the inorganic nutrients essential for plant growth. Without these decomposers, carbon, nitrogen, and other elements would become tied up in organic matter. Plants and animals that eat them could not exist because elements taken from the soil would not be returned.
How does fungi serve as nutrition?
From saprobes and parasites
How does fungi have a symbiotic relationship?
With mycorrhizae and lichens
Are there also pathogenic fungi?
Yes
What is mycosis?
Fungal diseases in animals
What are the cell walls of fungi made up of?
Chitin
What are the three major phyla of fungi?
Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
What are th emajor roles played by Fungi in the biosphere?
Decomposers
Symbionts
Pathogens for platns and animals
Food for other species (mushrooms)
All fungi are multicellular but some have a unicellular form that is called
Yeast
Lichens result from the symbiosis of a fungus and a
green alga
Bacterial reproduction in which one bacterium is the donor and the other is the recipient is called
Conjugation
The first eukaryotes were
Protists that had a flagella
Protists are all alike in that they all are
Eukaryotes
What are the characteristics of the kingdom animalia?
Multicellular, heterotrophs, ingest food
All animals come from
protists
What were the first animals called?
Proifera
What are phylogenetic relationships?
The study of members of one kingdom in terms of the different characteristics of evolution with the others
After a sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division called
cleavage
Cleavage leads to formation of a
blastula
The blastula undergoes
gastrulation
Gastrulation means
it forms a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues
What are the three embryonic layers
Mesoderm, Endoderm, Ectoderm
What happens right after gastrulation?
The development of the mouth and anus
During development, the three layers of the embryo give rise to?
the tissues and organs of the animal embryo
What are the fourt ypes of tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
What is radial symmetry?
cutting planes produce identical pieces, the animal has a top and a bottom surface only
What is bilateral symmetry?
Only one plane, called the sagittal plane wiill divide an organism into roughly mirror image halves
What did development of symmetry do for the animals?
Better adaption to the environment
What is the porifera animal group?
They are sesssile sponges that are filled with pores and have flagellated internal water chambers
What animal group comes after porifera?
cnidaria
What are the two types of animal group cnidaria?
polyp form and medusa form
What is the key branch point of the phylum cnidaria?
Tissue organization, digestive cavity, radial symmetry
What phyla comes after cnidarian?
Platyhelminthes
What is the key branch point of the platyhelminthes
Bilateral symmetry (creates movement)
What are some examples of platyhelminthes?
flatworms
Describe the platyhelminthes
They are starting to have organs, bilateral symmetry, flat bodies
What is the phyla after pltyhelminthes?
Rotifera and Nematoda
What is the key branch point for nematoda and rotifera?
Body cavities
Describe the nematoda and rotifera
cylindric body, organ systems, complete digestive tract, bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelom
Why are roundworms more advanced than flatworms?
Because they have one more layer in the mesoderm to create the pseudocoelom
What phyla comes after the rotifera and nematoda?
Annelida, Mollusca, and arthropoda
What is the key branch point of the annelida, mollusca, and arthropoda?
Body cavities (coelom)
What is a coelum?
A cavity filled with fluid within the mesoderm
Describe the Annelida?
Leeches/worms with a segmented body, organ systems, bilateral symmetry, complete digestive tract, true coelom, and a *closed circulatory system
What are the different types of arthropoda?
Arachnides, myriapods, crustaceans, and insects
Describe the arthropoda
segmented bodies, organ systems, bilateral symmetry, 2 gut openings, coelom, *exoskeleton, *appendages, open circulatory system
Describe the mollusca
Snakes, slugs, octopus
Shelled, mantle, visceral mass, gills (initial respiratory system), bilateral symmetry, gut with 2 openings, coeolum, open circulatory system, feet (skills in movement)
What comes after th ephyla annelida, mollusca, and arthropoda?
Echinodermata and Chordata
What is the key branch point for the echinodermata and chordata?
Deuterostomes
Describe the echinodermata
starfish, sea cucumbers
Organ systems, complete digestive tract, coelom, radial symmetry (because it is better if you depend on water movement), sessile, endoskeleton, water vascular system
Which phyla has the main milestone of tissue level of organization?
Cnidaria
which phyla has the main milestone of bilateral symmetry?
Platyhelminthes
Which phyla has the main milestone of the real coelom
Mollusca, Arthropoda, Annelida
Which phyla has the main milestone of deuterostomes?
Echinodermata and chordata
What are the milestones within the phyla chordata?
brain, skull, skeleton column, jaws, bones, lungs warm blooded, and finally milk
What is the most evolved class of the phylum cordata?
Class mammalian
Describe the mammalia
Bony skeleton, tetrapods, mammary glands, hairy skin, larger brains, four chambered heart, warm blooded, very complete endoskeletal system, very complete nervous system
What does warm blooded mean for the animals?
they are able to perform homeostasis better
All animals
Are heterotrophic: they eat other aniamls
Share a common ancestor
T/F Animals are not all descended from a common ancestor
False
Animals are all
Descended from a common ancestor, are multicellular, are heterotrophic, are eukaryotes
Animals all do not
have defined tissues
The most ancient branching point in the phylogeny of animals is the one that distinguishes
defined tissues or no tissues
Some general evolutionary change trends in animals include
larger body size, bilateral symmetry, and growth by continuous addition to skeletal elements
Most species of animals are
invertebrates
What is the body plan of modtern sponges?
An aggregation of cells built around a water canal system
Sponges of the phylum porifera are sessile, meaning that they
live attached to a solid structure and do not move around
Members of which phyla exhibit radial symmetry?
Cnidaria
segmented worms, roundworms, and flatworms are all what kind of symmetry?
bilateral
all arthropods have
a chintinous exoskeleton and jointed appendages
Echinoderm larvae and adults are what kind of symmetry?
bilaterally symmetrical and then radially symmetrical
Describe three characteristics of animals
Multicellular eukaryotic
Heterotroph
Ingest food to receive energy
All chordata have
a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, gills, and a postanal tail
In humans there is a notocord in embryonic stage that is replaced by the vertebral column. The dorsal nerve cord is replaced by the central nervous system. the gill is replaced by lungs, and postanal tail is replaced by the coccyx
