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ICTCM Year 2 > Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Weeks 1, 2 > Flashcards

Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Weeks 1, 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is a cell considered the basic unit of life?

A

Because it is the simplest structure that has all the basic characteristics of life

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2
Q

Atoms form to create

A

Molecules

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3
Q

Molecules form to create

A

Cells

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4
Q

Cells form to create

A

Living organisms

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5
Q

Atoms and molecules are on what level?

A

Chemical level

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6
Q

What does cell specialization mean?

A

Cells are diverse in their structure and function

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7
Q

What are tissues?

A

Cells of similar origin, structure, and function (group of specialized cells)

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8
Q

What are four types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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9
Q

What are organs?

A

Two or more tissues of specific form and function

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10
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Groups of organs that perform a similar function

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11
Q

What are the six levels of structural organization of the body?

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Systems
Organism
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12
Q

Anabolism

A

Building up process

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13
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down process

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14
Q

What is a building up process?

A

Combining simple compounds to form complex compounds

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15
Q

What is a breaking down process?

A

Complex compounds broken down into simpler ones

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16
Q

Which metabolic system requires energy?

A

Anabolism

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17
Q

Which metabolic system releases energy?

A

Catabolism

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18
Q

Cell growth

A

The cell increases in size

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19
Q

Cell proliferation

A

The cell divides into identical cells

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20
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Results in specialization of cell structure and function

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21
Q

Atoms are composed of

A

Subatomic particles

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22
Q

Where are the subatomic particles located?

A

In the nucleus

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23
Q

Which subatomic particles are similar in mass

A

Protons and nuetrons

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24
Q

Do electrons have a mass?

A

Too light to matter

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25
Q

The columns of the periodic table of elements determines what?

A

How many electrons are in the valence shell

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26
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of electrons

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27
Q

What is the atomic mass

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons inside the nucleus

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28
Q

The number of electrons is equal to

A

The number of protons

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29
Q

What subatomic particle is directly involved in chemical reactions between atoms

A

Electrons

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30
Q

Why do electrons have potential energy

A

Due to their position relative to the nucleus. The further from the nucleus, the more potential energy.

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31
Q

What are the different states of potential energy called?

A

Energy levels, or electron shells

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32
Q

How do electrons change shells?

A

By absorbing or losing energy

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33
Q

Where are the lower energy electrons organized in the electron cloud?

A

They are in the first shell/closer to the nucleus

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34
Q

How many electrons creates a balanced shell?

A

2 for the first, and 8 after that

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35
Q

An atom’s chemical behavior is dtermined by

A

What electrons are in its electron shells

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36
Q

Atoms with the same number of electrons in their valence shell

A

Exhibit similar chemical behaviors

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37
Q

When is an atom unreactive?

A

When it’s valence shell is full

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38
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

The transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another/one molecule gives it valence electron(s) to complete the valence shell of another

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39
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Two atoms share the pair of valence electrons

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40
Q

When are ionic bonds formed?

A

When charged atoms attract one another

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41
Q

Cations have what kind of charge?

A

Positive

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42
Q

Anions have what kind of charge?

A

Negative

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43
Q

What are compounds formed by ionic bonds called?

A

Ionic compounds, or salts

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44
Q

What is an ion?

A

A particle that possesses a charge

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45
Q

What are four organic molecules?

A

O C H N

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46
Q

Are organic molecules soluble in water?

A

No

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47
Q

What kind of bonds create energy and are good for anabolic functions?

A

Carbon to carbon bonds

48
Q

Carbon can form how many bonds?

A

4

49
Q

Carbon carbon bonds provide:

A

High structural diversity, water insolubility, energy storage

50
Q

What kind of bond is water?

A

Polar covalent

51
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

It has a slight charge but not quite an ion

52
Q

What element is electronegative?

A

Oxygen

53
Q

Why is water polar?

A

Electrons tend to stay closer to the oxygen, thus giving a partial negative charge to the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge to the hydrogen atom

54
Q

What does cohesive mean?

A

The molecules attach to each other like glue to create high surface tension

55
Q

Why is water important?

A

It has polar solvent properties, it is the universal solvent, many compounds dissolve in water, allowing them to travel in the body and diffuse through cell membranes, it is reactive, water molecules take part in chemical reactions

56
Q

What does high specific heat mean?

A

Water can absorb a lot of heat energy before it gets hot itself

57
Q

Due to its high specific heat, water

A

Is resistant to changes in temperature, absorbs large amounts of heat

58
Q

Why is water important for the body?

A

It creates protection and lubrication; it forms a protective cushion in spaces between internal organs, in joints, and around the brain and spinal cord

59
Q

How much of the body is water?

A

55-60%

60
Q

Does an infant or senior have more water in them?

A

Infant

61
Q

How much of water within the body is intracellular?

A

2/3

62
Q

How much of water within the body is extracellular?

A

1/3

63
Q

All living organisms are

A

complex, organized, respond to the environment, perform metabolism, able to reproduce, able to perform homeostasis, able to grow

64
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

No because they can only perform living functions once they are inside a host and they are not all made of cells (between living and nonliving)

65
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  1. All living organisms are made up of cells
  2. The cells are the simplest collection of matter that can live
  3. All cells come only from pre-existing cells
66
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

67
Q

What is an example of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

68
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell that is simple, without a nucleus or membranous organelles

69
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A plant or animal cell, complex, with a nucleus and membranous organelles

70
Q

Are eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells larger?

A

Eukaryotic

71
Q

Are eukraryotic or porkaryotic cells more complex?

A

Eukaryotic

72
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have membranous structures?

A

No

73
Q

The plasma membrane

A

A selective barrier for the exchange of substances between the cell and its environment

74
Q

What is the cell membrane

A

First barrier of the cell, decides what chemicals enter/exit

75
Q

What does amphipathic means?

A

It contains both polar and nonpolar groups

76
Q

What is the lipid bilayer

A

The cell membrane that has a polar (hydrophilic) head and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails

77
Q

What is the nucleus

A

The control center of the cell

78
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

The nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin (genetic information)

79
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Located inside the nucleus, not covered by the membrane

80
Q

Where is the site of synthesis of ribosome components?

A

The Nucleolus

81
Q

What is the canal structure surrounding the nucleus?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

82
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The ER with the surface studded with ribosomes, it has a role in synthesis of proteins

83
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It controls the movement of newly synthesized proteins to their proper locations, and to synthesize lipids

84
Q

Where are the ribosomes located?

A

Free in the cytoplasm, on the endoplasmic reticulum

85
Q

Do the ribosomes have a membrane?

A

No

86
Q

What do the ribosomes do?

A

Synthesize proteins

87
Q

Where do the golgi complex come from?

A

The rough ER

88
Q

What is the golgi complex composed of?

A

Numerous layers forming a sac

89
Q

What does the golgi complex do?

A

Site of protein modification, packaging and storing, sorting out (proteins destined for cell membrane or export)

90
Q

What is protein modification?

A

Addition of chemical groups to proteins (such as sugar to glycoprotein)

91
Q

Where are the proteins in the cell sent to?

A

Cell membrane, export or lysosomes (if they were made incorrectly)

92
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

The power house of the cell

93
Q

What is the mitochondria composed of?

A

Double membrane, inner membrane forms numerous folds called cristae

94
Q

Where is the site of production of energy for cells from food?

A

Mitochondria

95
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Membrane bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes in an acidic environment

96
Q

What do the lysosomes do?

A

Destroy the ingested organisms such as bacteria, breakdown the old organelles

97
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Death of the cell

98
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

An organelle that stores nutrients, contains pigments to attract birds and animals, physical support, retains and degrades watse and poisons

99
Q

What do the plant cells have that the animal cells don’t?

A

Cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles

100
Q

What is the chloroplast?

A

Converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis

101
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O + sunlight = C6H12O6 + O2 + glucose

102
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

Provides structural shape and support and enables cellular movement

103
Q

Where does exchange with the environment take place?

A

Cell membrane

104
Q

Where do all the organelles reside?

A

Cytoplasm

105
Q

Where are the chromosomes, genes, and DNA stored?

A

Nucleus

106
Q

What is the protective enclosure of plant and bacterial cells?

A

Cell Wall

107
Q

What is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Ribosomes

108
Q

Prokaryotic organisms lack

A

Organelles

109
Q

Eukaryotic cells do not contain

A

A peptidoglycan cell wall

110
Q

What are the two distinct faces of the phospholipids that make up the surface membrane of a cell?

A

A hydrophilic head and a hydorphobic tail, a phosphate group head and two fatty acid tails

111
Q

Which cellular structure makes it possible for a cell to differ structurally and biochemically from its surroundings?

A

Plasma membrane

112
Q

Viruses are most closely related, in that they share a common ancestor, to which domain of life?

A

Viruses are not considered to be part of the tree of life

113
Q

Viral DNA is replicated by

A

Using the host’s metabolic machinery and energy

114
Q

Many scientists do not consider viruses to be living organisms because

A

They are dependent on their host’ metabolic machinery for replication

115
Q

The ____ on the surface of a virus determines which host species the virus can infect and which tissues the host species can enter

A

Glycoproteins

116
Q

With regard to their genomes, what is one major difference between viruses and bacteria?

A

Viruses cannot replicated their own nucleic acids, bacteria can

ICTCM Year 2 (24 decks)

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