Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Weeks 1, 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Why is a cell considered the basic unit of life?
A
Because it is the simplest structure that has all the basic characteristics of life
2
Q
Atoms form to create
A
Molecules
3
Q
Molecules form to create
A
Cells
4
Q
Cells form to create
A
Living organisms
5
Q
Atoms and molecules are on what level?
A
Chemical level
6
Q
What does cell specialization mean?
A
Cells are diverse in their structure and function
7
Q
What are tissues?
A
Cells of similar origin, structure, and function (group of specialized cells)
8
Q
What are four types of tissues?
A
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
9
Q
What are organs?
A
Two or more tissues of specific form and function
10
Q
What is an organ system?
A
Groups of organs that perform a similar function
11
Q
What are the six levels of structural organization of the body?
A
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Systems Organism
12
Q
Anabolism
A
Building up process
13
Q
Catabolism
A
Breaking down process
14
Q
What is a building up process?
A
Combining simple compounds to form complex compounds
15
Q
What is a breaking down process?
A
Complex compounds broken down into simpler ones
16
Q
Which metabolic system requires energy?
A
Anabolism
17
Q
Which metabolic system releases energy?
A
Catabolism
18
Q
Cell growth
A
The cell increases in size
19
Q
Cell proliferation
A
The cell divides into identical cells
20
Q
Cell differentiation
A
Results in specialization of cell structure and function
21
Q
Atoms are composed of
A
Subatomic particles
22
Q
Where are the subatomic particles located?
A
In the nucleus
23
Q
Which subatomic particles are similar in mass
A
Protons and nuetrons
24
Q
Do electrons have a mass?
A
Too light to matter
25
The columns of the periodic table of elements determines what?
How many electrons are in the valence shell
26
What is the atomic number?
The number of electrons
27
What is the atomic mass
The number of protons plus the number of neutrons inside the nucleus
28
The number of electrons is equal to
The number of protons
29
What subatomic particle is directly involved in chemical reactions between atoms
Electrons
30
Why do electrons have potential energy
Due to their position relative to the nucleus. The further from the nucleus, the more potential energy.
31
What are the different states of potential energy called?
Energy levels, or electron shells
32
How do electrons change shells?
By absorbing or losing energy
33
Where are the lower energy electrons organized in the electron cloud?
They are in the first shell/closer to the nucleus
34
How many electrons creates a balanced shell?
2 for the first, and 8 after that
35
An atom's chemical behavior is dtermined by
What electrons are in its electron shells
36
Atoms with the same number of electrons in their valence shell
Exhibit similar chemical behaviors
37
When is an atom unreactive?
When it's valence shell is full
38
What is an ionic bond?
The transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another/one molecule gives it valence electron(s) to complete the valence shell of another
39
What is a covalent bond?
Two atoms share the pair of valence electrons
40
When are ionic bonds formed?
When charged atoms attract one another
41
Cations have what kind of charge?
Positive
42
Anions have what kind of charge?
Negative
43
What are compounds formed by ionic bonds called?
Ionic compounds, or salts
44
What is an ion?
A particle that possesses a charge
45
What are four organic molecules?
O C H N
46
Are organic molecules soluble in water?
No
47
What kind of bonds create energy and are good for anabolic functions?
Carbon to carbon bonds
48
Carbon can form how many bonds?
4
49
Carbon carbon bonds provide:
High structural diversity, water insolubility, energy storage
50
What kind of bond is water?
Polar covalent
51
What is a polar molecule?
It has a slight charge but not quite an ion
52
What element is electronegative?
Oxygen
53
Why is water polar?
Electrons tend to stay closer to the oxygen, thus giving a partial negative charge to the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge to the hydrogen atom
54
What does cohesive mean?
The molecules attach to each other like glue to create high surface tension
55
Why is water important?
It has polar solvent properties, it is the universal solvent, many compounds dissolve in water, allowing them to travel in the body and diffuse through cell membranes, it is reactive, water molecules take part in chemical reactions
56
What does high specific heat mean?
Water can absorb a lot of heat energy before it gets hot itself
57
Due to its high specific heat, water
Is resistant to changes in temperature, absorbs large amounts of heat
58
Why is water important for the body?
It creates protection and lubrication; it forms a protective cushion in spaces between internal organs, in joints, and around the brain and spinal cord
59
How much of the body is water?
55-60%
60
Does an infant or senior have more water in them?
Infant
61
How much of water within the body is intracellular?
2/3
62
How much of water within the body is extracellular?
1/3
63
All living organisms are
complex, organized, respond to the environment, perform metabolism, able to reproduce, able to perform homeostasis, able to grow
64
Are viruses alive?
No because they can only perform living functions once they are inside a host and they are not all made of cells (between living and nonliving)
65
What is cell theory?
1. All living organisms are made up of cells
2. The cells are the simplest collection of matter that can live
3. All cells come only from pre-existing cells
66
What are the two types of cells?
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
67
What is an example of prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria and Archaea
68
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A cell that is simple, without a nucleus or membranous organelles
69
What is a eukaryotic cell?
A plant or animal cell, complex, with a nucleus and membranous organelles
70
Are eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells larger?
Eukaryotic
71
Are eukraryotic or porkaryotic cells more complex?
Eukaryotic
72
Do prokaryotic cells have membranous structures?
No
73
The plasma membrane
A selective barrier for the exchange of substances between the cell and its environment
74
What is the cell membrane
First barrier of the cell, decides what chemicals enter/exit
75
What does amphipathic means?
It contains both polar and nonpolar groups
76
What is the lipid bilayer
The cell membrane that has a polar (hydrophilic) head and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails
77
What is the nucleus
The control center of the cell
78
What does the nucleus contain?
The nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin (genetic information)
79
What is the nucleolus?
Located inside the nucleus, not covered by the membrane
80
Where is the site of synthesis of ribosome components?
The Nucleolus
81
What is the canal structure surrounding the nucleus?
Endoplasmic reticulum
82
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
The ER with the surface studded with ribosomes, it has a role in synthesis of proteins
83
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
It controls the movement of newly synthesized proteins to their proper locations, and to synthesize lipids
84
Where are the ribosomes located?
Free in the cytoplasm, on the endoplasmic reticulum
85
Do the ribosomes have a membrane?
No
86
What do the ribosomes do?
Synthesize proteins
87
Where do the golgi complex come from?
The rough ER
88
What is the golgi complex composed of?
Numerous layers forming a sac
89
What does the golgi complex do?
Site of protein modification, packaging and storing, sorting out (proteins destined for cell membrane or export)
90
What is protein modification?
Addition of chemical groups to proteins (such as sugar to glycoprotein)
91
Where are the proteins in the cell sent to?
Cell membrane, export or lysosomes (if they were made incorrectly)
92
What is the mitochondria?
The power house of the cell
93
What is the mitochondria composed of?
Double membrane, inner membrane forms numerous folds called cristae
94
Where is the site of production of energy for cells from food?
Mitochondria
95
What are lysosomes?
Membrane bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes in an acidic environment
96
What do the lysosomes do?
Destroy the ingested organisms such as bacteria, breakdown the old organelles
97
What is autophagy?
Death of the cell
98
What is a vacuole?
An organelle that stores nutrients, contains pigments to attract birds and animals, physical support, retains and degrades watse and poisons
99
What do the plant cells have that the animal cells don't?
Cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles
100
What is the chloroplast?
Converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis
101
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O + sunlight = C6H12O6 + O2 + glucose
102
What does the cytoskeleton do?
Provides structural shape and support and enables cellular movement
103
Where does exchange with the environment take place?
Cell membrane
104
Where do all the organelles reside?
Cytoplasm
105
Where are the chromosomes, genes, and DNA stored?
Nucleus
106
What is the protective enclosure of plant and bacterial cells?
Cell Wall
107
What is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Ribosomes
108
Prokaryotic organisms lack
Organelles
109
Eukaryotic cells do not contain
A peptidoglycan cell wall
110
What are the two distinct faces of the phospholipids that make up the surface membrane of a cell?
A hydrophilic head and a hydorphobic tail, a phosphate group head and two fatty acid tails
111
Which cellular structure makes it possible for a cell to differ structurally and biochemically from its surroundings?
Plasma membrane
112
Viruses are most closely related, in that they share a common ancestor, to which domain of life?
Viruses are not considered to be part of the tree of life
113
Viral DNA is replicated by
Using the host's metabolic machinery and energy
114
Many scientists do not consider viruses to be living organisms because
They are dependent on their host' metabolic machinery for replication
115
The ____ on the surface of a virus determines which host species the virus can infect and which tissues the host species can enter
Glycoproteins
116
With regard to their genomes, what is one major difference between viruses and bacteria?
Viruses cannot replicated their own nucleic acids, bacteria can
