Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Week 8

Question 1

what are bacteria?

Answer 1

single celled organisms

very small

Question 2

binomial nomenclature includes

Answer 2

the genus and species

Question 3

the genus name is always

Answer 3

capitalized

Question 4

the species name is never

Answer 4

capitalized

Question 5

what is a strain or variety?

Answer 5

a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of the species

Question 6

what is a type?

Answer 6

a subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (genetics), susceptibility to bacterial viruses, and pathogenicity

Question 7

four basic shapes of bacteria

Answer 7

rod shaped
round shaped
spiral shaped
spirochetes

Question 8

rod shaped is also called

Answer 8

bacilli

Question 9

round shaped is also called

Answer 9

cocci

Question 10

spiral shaped is called

Answer 10

spirilla

Question 11

what is the difference between spirillum and spirochete

Answer 11

spirochete is more zig sag and spirillum is more wavy

Question 12

what are the four groups based on cell wall composition

Answer 12

gram-positive cells
gram-negative cells
bacteria without cell walls
bacteria with chemically unique cell walls

Question 13

what is peptidoglycan

Answer 13

a macromolecule composed of a repeating framework fo long chains sugars cross-linked by short peptide fragments

Question 14

what is peptidoglycan composed of

Answer 14

two sugars (NAG and NAM)
they alternate in the backbone
polypeptide rows

Question 15

what does a gram positive wall mean

Answer 15

it absorbs stain
tightly bound acidic polysaccharides
cell membrane - space - cell wall

Question 16

what does a gram negative cell wall mean

Answer 16

does not absorb stain
consists of an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
thin shell of peptidoglycan between inner and outer membranes

Question 17

what are the bacteria called that have no cell walls

Answer 17

mycoplasma
smallest known organisms
do not stain with the gram stain

Question 18

what are the three types of bacterial energy production

Answer 18

autotrophs
chemotrophs
heterotrophs

Question 19

autotrophs

Answer 19

make their own energy using solar energy

Question 20

chemotrophs

Answer 20

make their own energy using chemical energy

Question 21

heterotrophs

Answer 21

obtain food from other organisms

Question 22

three types of respiration in bacteria

Answer 22

obligate anaerobes
faculative anaerobes
obligate aerobes

Question 23

obligate anaerobes

Answer 23

live without oxygen

Question 24

faculative anaerobes

Answer 24

can live with or without oxygen

Question 25

obligate aerobes

Answer 25

cannot live without oxygen

Question 26

what are the two types of reproduction in bacteria

Answer 26

binary fission | conjugation

Question 27

what is conjugation:

Answer 27

one genetic donor cell F+ contains plasmids that are transferred to the recipient cells F-

Question 28

when the plasmid becomes incorporated into the chromosome, the cell is called an

Answer 28

Hfr - high frequency recombinant

Question 29

Hfr factor can be transferred to

Answer 29

another cell

Question 30

cyanobacteria are

Answer 30

gram negative

Question 31

spirochetes are

Answer 31

gram negative

Question 32

pyogenic cocci are

Answer 32

gram negative and gram positive

Question 33

pyogenic cocci are responsible for

Answer 33

1/2 of the human bacterial infections

Question 34

endospore forming bacteria is

Answer 34

gram negative

Question 35

endospore bacteria are able to lie

Answer 35

dormant

Question 36

purple and green bacteria

Answer 36

photosynthesis process without oxygen or water | uses chemical component of S'

Question 37

vibrios are

Answer 37

gram negative

Question 38

myxobacteria

Answer 38

glide over the surface, have spores that release into the environment

Question 39

actinomycetes are

Answer 39

gram negative

Question 40

actinomycetes perform

Answer 40

decomposition | they are pathogens

Question 41

radioresistant is

Answer 41

gram negative

Question 42

radioresistant survive a large dosage of

Answer 42

radiation | survive DNA damaging chemicals

Question 43

what are viruses

Answer 43

made up of genetic material and protein

Question 44

structure of viruses

Answer 44

core of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA)

Question 45

what is a retrovirus

Answer 45

changes the genetic info of a cell

Question 46

retroviruses contain

Answer 46

RNA and DNA

Question 47

to be able to take over a host cell, the retrovirus must be able to convert

Answer 47

the rna into dna

Question 48

to accomplish the conversion of RNA into DNA, the retrovirus inserts an enzyme called

Answer 48

Reverse Transcriptase

Question 49

what is a bacteriophage

Answer 49

viruses that infect bacteria

Question 50

bacteriophages are responsible for

Answer 50

transduction

Question 51

what is transduction

Answer 51

the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus

Question 52

what are the two life cycles of viruses

Answer 52

lytic cycle | lysogenic cycle

Question 53

what is the lytic cycle

Answer 53

the virus immediately infects the host cell | small pox

Question 54

what is the lysogenic cycle

Answer 54

lay dormant in the cell herpes chicken pox