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ICTCM Year 2 > Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Week 8 > Flashcards

Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what are bacteria?

A

single celled organisms

very small

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2
Q

binomial nomenclature includes

A

the genus and species

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3
Q

the genus name is always

A

capitalized

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4
Q

the species name is never

A

capitalized

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5
Q

what is a strain or variety?

A

a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of the species

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6
Q

what is a type?

A

a subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (genetics), susceptibility to bacterial viruses, and pathogenicity

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7
Q

four basic shapes of bacteria

A

rod shaped
round shaped
spiral shaped
spirochetes

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8
Q

rod shaped is also called

A

bacilli

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9
Q

round shaped is also called

A

cocci

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10
Q

spiral shaped is called

A

spirilla

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11
Q

what is the difference between spirillum and spirochete

A

spirochete is more zig sag and spirillum is more wavy

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12
Q

what are the four groups based on cell wall composition

A

gram-positive cells
gram-negative cells
bacteria without cell walls
bacteria with chemically unique cell walls

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13
Q

what is peptidoglycan

A

a macromolecule composed of a repeating framework fo long chains sugars cross-linked by short peptide fragments

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14
Q

what is peptidoglycan composed of

A

two sugars (NAG and NAM)
they alternate in the backbone
polypeptide rows

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15
Q

what does a gram positive wall mean

A

it absorbs stain
tightly bound acidic polysaccharides
cell membrane - space - cell wall

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16
Q

what does a gram negative cell wall mean

A

does not absorb stain
consists of an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
thin shell of peptidoglycan between inner and outer membranes

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17
Q

what are the bacteria called that have no cell walls

A

mycoplasma
smallest known organisms
do not stain with the gram stain

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18
Q

what are the three types of bacterial energy production

A

autotrophs
chemotrophs
heterotrophs

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19
Q

autotrophs

A

make their own energy using solar energy

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20
Q

chemotrophs

A

make their own energy using chemical energy

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21
Q

heterotrophs

A

obtain food from other organisms

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22
Q

three types of respiration in bacteria

A

obligate anaerobes
faculative anaerobes
obligate aerobes

23
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

live without oxygen

24
Q

faculative anaerobes

A

can live with or without oxygen

25
Q

obligate aerobes

A

cannot live without oxygen

26
Q

what are the two types of reproduction in bacteria

A

binary fission

conjugation

27
Q

what is conjugation:

A

one genetic donor cell F+ contains plasmids that are transferred to the recipient cells F-

28
Q

when the plasmid becomes incorporated into the chromosome, the cell is called an

A

Hfr - high frequency recombinant

29
Q

Hfr factor can be transferred to

A

another cell

30
Q

cyanobacteria are

A

gram negative

31
Q

spirochetes are

A

gram negative

32
Q

pyogenic cocci are

A

gram negative and gram positive

33
Q

pyogenic cocci are responsible for

A

1/2 of the human bacterial infections

34
Q

endospore forming bacteria is

A

gram negative

35
Q

endospore bacteria are able to lie

A

dormant

36
Q

purple and green bacteria

A

photosynthesis process without oxygen or water

uses chemical component of Sā€™

37
Q

vibrios are

A

gram negative

38
Q

myxobacteria

A

glide over the surface, have spores that release into the environment

39
Q

actinomycetes are

A

gram negative

40
Q

actinomycetes perform

A

decomposition

they are pathogens

41
Q

radioresistant is

A

gram negative

42
Q

radioresistant survive a large dosage of

A

radiation

survive DNA damaging chemicals

43
Q

what are viruses

A

made up of genetic material and protein

44
Q

structure of viruses

A

core of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA)

45
Q

what is a retrovirus

A

changes the genetic info of a cell

46
Q

retroviruses contain

A

RNA and DNA

47
Q

to be able to take over a host cell, the retrovirus must be able to convert

A

the rna into dna

48
Q

to accomplish the conversion of RNA into DNA, the retrovirus inserts an enzyme called

A

Reverse Transcriptase

49
Q

what is a bacteriophage

A

viruses that infect bacteria

50
Q

bacteriophages are responsible for

A

transduction

51
Q

what is transduction

A

the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus

52
Q

what are the two life cycles of viruses

A

lytic cycle

lysogenic cycle

53
Q

what is the lytic cycle

A

the virus immediately infects the host cell

small pox

54
Q

what is the lysogenic cycle

A

lay dormant in the cell
herpes
chicken pox

ICTCM Year 2 (24 decks)

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