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ICTCM Year 2 > Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Weeks 5, 6 > Flashcards

Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Weeks 5, 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the classification of plants?

A

Domain eukarya, multicellular, autototrophs, kingdom plantae

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2
Q

why does being stationary create problems for plants?

A

It is difficult to reproduce and resist predators

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3
Q

what is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O+ sunlgiht = glucose and oxygen

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4
Q

what was the first problem plants had when moving to land?

A

Gravity

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5
Q

How did plants solve the problem of gravity?

A

they grew very close to the ground

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6
Q

What was the second problem plants had when moving to land?

A

Dessication

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7
Q

how did plants solve the problem of dessication?

A

they developed an outer waxy layer called a cuticle that covered the entire surface and there was less of a chance of dehydration

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8
Q

What are nonvascular plants?

A

plants that have no vascular tissues such as roots, big leaves, xylem, or phloem

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9
Q

what are vascular plants?

A

has roots, big leaves, xylem, and phloem

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10
Q

what is an example of nonvascular plants?

A

moss

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11
Q

what are the common characteristics of nonvascular plants?

A

Distribute water/nutrients through diffusion
Release haploid spores while growing and producing gametes
life cycle with multiceullar haploid and diploid phases

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12
Q

why is moss important to soil?

A

It covers the soil so there is less wind erosion

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13
Q

what are the common characteristics of vascular seedless plants?

A

distribute water/nutrients through vascular system
release haploid spores which are dispersed in the wind and grow to produce gametes
life cycle with multicellular haploid and diploid phases

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14
Q

what is the xylem

A

it is responsible for transporting water and certain nutrients from the root to the rest of the plant

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15
Q

what is the phloem

A

it carries soluble organic material food for the plant, which is produced in the leaves by photosynthesis to other parts of the plant

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16
Q

what is the structure of seed fertilization

A

fertilization produces a diploid seed, which contains a multicellular embryo and a store of carbohydrate to fuel its initial growth

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17
Q

what is the growth of seeds like

A

a seedling draws energy from the endosperm while it extends its leaves upward to begin photosynthesis and its roots downward into the soil to reach water and nutrients

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18
Q

what are the common characteristics of gymosperms

A

vascular system
reproductive structures called cones produce the gametes
fertilization produces seeds

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19
Q

what are the groups of gymnosperms

A

conifers
cycads
gnetophytes
gingko

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20
Q

what are conifers

A

most commonly found in colder temperate and sometimes drier regions of the world
commonly have needle shaped leaves
importance source of timber
includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars, cypresses etc

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21
Q

what are cycads

A

slower growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropcial regions
most resemble palm trees
several species are facing extinction in the wild

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22
Q

what are gnetophytes

A

like ephedra

shrub like plants good for respiration

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23
Q

what are ginkgo

A

gingko biloba is the only remaining species
distinctive fan shaped leaves
the outer covering of the seeds emits a foul odor

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24
Q

what is the male cone like

A

it releases pollen grains that require wind to reach a female cone

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25
Q

what is the female cone

A

it has ovules on the protruding scales

they produce seeds when fertilized by pollen

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26
Q

what are the common characteristics of angiosperms

A

vascular
produce flowers, which produce gametes
seeds are enclosed within an ovule

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27
Q

what are the two structures of the flower in reproduction

A

stamen - male, and carpel - female

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28
Q

what are some strategies for attracting pollinators

A

trickery

bribery

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29
Q

how do plants use trickery in order to attract pollinators

A

some plants deceive animals into carrying pollen from one plant to another

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30
Q

how do plants use bribery to attract pollinators?

A

some plants offer something of value to an animal, bribing the animal to carry pollen from one plant to another (bees)

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31
Q

how does white attract

A

nocturnal pollinators such as moths and bats

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32
Q

how do bright colors attract

A

visually oriented diurnal pollinators such as birds, butterflies, and bees

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33
Q

describe the evolution of flowers and their pollinators

A

tube: allows for long tongues such as moths

intricate/closed: pollinators such as bees

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34
Q

what does the sweet odor attract

A

pollinators with a good sense of smell such as moths, butterflies, and bees

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35
Q

what does the stinky odor attract

A

pollinators looking for rotten meat on which to lay eggs scuh as flies

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36
Q

what does no odor attract

A

pollinators with a poor sense of smell such as birds

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37
Q

what does abundant nectar attract

A

pollinators with high energy needs such as bees, birds, and butterflies

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38
Q

what does absent nectar attract

A

pollinators such as flies, looking for a place to lay eggs, or such as beetles, looking for petals, pollen, and other parts to eat

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39
Q

how do some seeds hitch a ride on moving objects?

A

some seeds have spines or projections that attach them to moving animals in order to fertilize

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40
Q

plants are

A

photosynthetic eukaryotes

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41
Q

plants were derived from

A

green algea

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42
Q

invading the land was difficult for plants to adapt for several reason so they underwent a number of adaptations such as

A

roots, stems, leaves, and seeds

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43
Q

what are the early vascular plants called

A

tracheophytes

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44
Q

what type of plant is more organized

A

vascular

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45
Q

what are the two types of seed bearing tracheophytes

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

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46
Q

what are flowering plants called

A

angiosperms

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47
Q

how do angiosperms have special adaptations

A

to attract pollinators with bright colored flowers, fruits are useful in dispersal of their seeds

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48
Q

Which is the best brief description of the vascular system of the very first terrestrial plants?

A

The first plants did not develop a vascular system

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49
Q

Both mosses and ferns must have freestanding water present in order to fulfill their requirements for fertilization. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this?

A

Both mosses and ferns have motile male gametes that require water to travel to the female gametes

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50
Q

Ferns possess all of the following:

A

embryos, cuticles, leaves, roots, but NOT SEEDS

51
Q

Early seed plants were pollinated by

A

the wind

52
Q

What is endosperm?

A

A food storing tissue of the seed

53
Q

A seed is

A

An embryonic plant with its own supply of water and nutrients encased within a protective coating
A mature ovule

54
Q

What are the characteristics of gymnosperms?

A

They are pollinated by the wind

55
Q

In angiosperms, the ____ are specialized reproductive organs whose main function is to bring together the sperm and egg

A

Flowers

56
Q

The stamens of a flowering plant are broken down into two separate parts, the long stalk like structure is the ____ and the pollen producing bodies on the tips are the ______

A

Filament

Anthers

57
Q

Which of the following is the most diverse group of plants?

A

Angiosperms

58
Q

Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the inside to the outside of a complete flower?

A

Carpels, stamens, petals, sepals

59
Q

Which of the following lists correctly represents the order of evolutionary events in the history of plants from earliest to most recent in time

A

Roots, vascular tissue, pollen, flowers

60
Q

What is the difference between vascular and non vascular plants

A

Vascular plants have roots, big leaves, a xylem, phloem, they are taller, and they have more distribution.
Non-vascular plants do not have roots, big leaves, xylem, phloem, they are short, and they live on wet lands

61
Q

What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms

A

Gymnosperms: first seed plants evolved after seedless vascular plants, the cones are their reproductive structure
Angiosperms: they have flowers as reproductive structures, they have fruits that are attracting pollinators and also are means for distribution of seeds in different environments, the most evolved form of plants, the largest group of plants, more than 250,000 species, better chance of adaption and survival

62
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

hydrated carbon

includes sugars and starches

63
Q

how are carbohydrates classified

A

according to size and solubility

64
Q

what are monosaccharides

A

the smallest unit of carbyohdyrate structure

simple sugars

65
Q

What are disaccharides

A

two monosaccharide sugars

66
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

many sugars

67
Q

what is an example of simple sugars

A

pentose and hexose

68
Q

what are pentose sugars

A

deoxyribose and ribose

important part of the structure of DNA, RNA, ATP

69
Q

what are hexose sugars

A

the nutritional sugar such as glucose and fructose

70
Q

what is the general formula for monosaccharides

A

(CH20)n

71
Q

What is glucose

A

hexose

the main energy supplying molecule of the body that carries sugar in our blood

72
Q

What is sucrose

A

disaccharide
glucose and fructose
energy supply

73
Q

what is lactose

A

disaccharide
glucose and galactose
energy supply

74
Q

What does your body go through to combine glucose and fructuse

A

dehydration synthesis. produces sucrose and water

75
Q

what does your body go through to break apart sucrose

A

sucrose plus water creates glucose and fructose through hydrolysis

76
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

polymers of many monosachcharides

77
Q

what is glycogen

A

storage carbohydrates of animals

78
Q

what is starch

A

the storage carbohydrate of plants

79
Q

what is cellulose

A

dietary fiber present in plant foods

polysaccharide

80
Q

How are starch and glycogen similar?

A

they are both polymers of glucose, differing only in the degree of branching

81
Q

are lipids soluble in water

A

no

82
Q

what are the 3 groups of lipids

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids

83
Q

what are triglycerides

A

the body’s most highly concentrated source of energy

2x the energy of carbs and proteins

84
Q

what is the structure of triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids chains attached to glycerol

85
Q

what are saturated fatty acids

A

each carbon atom is saturated with hydrogen atoms
there are only single bonds present
straight chains are solid at room temperature

86
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids

A

a hydrogen has been removed to form a double bond making a kink in the chain to produce a liquid at room temperature

87
Q

what are the 2 types of unsaturated fatty acids

A

monounsaturated - one double bond

polyunsaturated - more than one double bond

88
Q

what are essential fatty acids

A

omega 3, omega 6
cis fatty acids
cannot be synthesized in the body but are required in the diet and therefore are essential

89
Q

what are phospholipids

A

modified triglycerides

major component in cell membrane

90
Q

what is the structure of phospholipids

A

they are amphipathic meaning they have a non polar hydrophobic region and a polar hydrophilic region. they have a phosphate group attached to fatty acid tails

91
Q

what is the structure of steroids

A

4 rings of carbon atoms

cholesterole - synthesized in the liver

92
Q

what are the different functions of steroids

A

hormones
vitamin D
cholesterol
bile salts for digestions

93
Q

fats are classified based on

A

the presence of doulbe bonds in their fatty acid chains

94
Q

what elements does protein have

A

C H O N (S, P)

95
Q

what are the building block of proteins

A

amino acids

96
Q

what is the structure of amino acids

A

amino base, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R)

97
Q

how is a peptide formed

A

dehydration synthesis

98
Q

how many structures are there in proteins

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

99
Q

what are the functions of proteins

A 
structural
regulatory
immunological
transport
contractile
catalytic
100
Q

what are the elements in nucleic acids

A

C H O N P

101
Q

nucleic acids consist of long chains of subunits called

A

nucleotides

102
Q

what are two types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

103
Q

what is the difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA: double stranded, contains deoxyribones, hereditary material, blueprint for the synthesis of all protein
RNA: single stranded, contains ribose, carries info from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, controls how proteins are made, 3 different types

104
Q

What two letters of DNA go together

A

A-T, C-G

105
Q

what two letters of RNA go together

A

A-U, C-G

106
Q

what is ATP

A

carries energy in phosphate bonds

when the bonds are broken between the phosphate groups, a lot fo energy is released and used in cellular metabolism

107
Q

what is NAD

A

co-enzyme derived from the B vitamin used to carry hydrogen atoms during the chemical reactions that occur during the synthesis of ATP

108
Q

what is the function of DNA

A

store and transmit genetic info

109
Q

what is the purpose of RNA

A

carries genetic info from the nucleus to cytoplasm

110
Q

ATP is composed of

A

adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

111
Q

NAD is composed of

A

two ribonucleotides with different nitrogen bases: nicotinamide and adenine

112
Q

NAD functions in the exchange of

A

hydrogen atoms during metabolic processess

113
Q

which of the following are all monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

114
Q

glucose that circulates in your blood has one of three fates, it is used to fuel cellular activities, it can be converted into fat, or it can be

A

stored temporarily as glycogen

115
Q

a complex polymer built of monosaccharides is called a

A

polysaccharide

116
Q

glycogen belongs in the class of molecules known as

A

polysaccharides

117
Q

sucrose and lactose are examples of

A

disaccharides

118
Q

what is an example of a polysaccharide

A

celluose, the primary component of a plant cell wall

119
Q

all lipids are

A

not soluable in water

120
Q

an unsaturated fatty acid is one in which

A

carbon carbon double bonds are present in the hydocarbon chain

121
Q

saturated fatty acids have ____ than unsuatrated fatty acids, which is why they exist as a ___ at room temperature

A

fewer double bonds

solid

122
Q

a complete protein is

A

one that contains all of the essential amino acids

123
Q

DNA is made up of

A

nucleotides

124
Q

what are the three components of a deoxynucleotide

A

Phosphate group
deoxyribose
nitrogenous organic base

ICTCM Year 2 (24 decks)

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