Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Weeks 5, 6 Flashcards
Describe the classification of plants?
Domain eukarya, multicellular, autototrophs, kingdom plantae
why does being stationary create problems for plants?
It is difficult to reproduce and resist predators
what is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O+ sunlgiht = glucose and oxygen
what was the first problem plants had when moving to land?
Gravity
How did plants solve the problem of gravity?
they grew very close to the ground
What was the second problem plants had when moving to land?
Dessication
how did plants solve the problem of dessication?
they developed an outer waxy layer called a cuticle that covered the entire surface and there was less of a chance of dehydration
What are nonvascular plants?
plants that have no vascular tissues such as roots, big leaves, xylem, or phloem
what are vascular plants?
has roots, big leaves, xylem, and phloem
what is an example of nonvascular plants?
moss
what are the common characteristics of nonvascular plants?
Distribute water/nutrients through diffusion
Release haploid spores while growing and producing gametes
life cycle with multiceullar haploid and diploid phases
why is moss important to soil?
It covers the soil so there is less wind erosion
what are the common characteristics of vascular seedless plants?
distribute water/nutrients through vascular system
release haploid spores which are dispersed in the wind and grow to produce gametes
life cycle with multicellular haploid and diploid phases
what is the xylem
it is responsible for transporting water and certain nutrients from the root to the rest of the plant
what is the phloem
it carries soluble organic material food for the plant, which is produced in the leaves by photosynthesis to other parts of the plant
what is the structure of seed fertilization
fertilization produces a diploid seed, which contains a multicellular embryo and a store of carbohydrate to fuel its initial growth
what is the growth of seeds like
a seedling draws energy from the endosperm while it extends its leaves upward to begin photosynthesis and its roots downward into the soil to reach water and nutrients
what are the common characteristics of gymosperms
vascular system
reproductive structures called cones produce the gametes
fertilization produces seeds
what are the groups of gymnosperms
conifers
cycads
gnetophytes
gingko
what are conifers
most commonly found in colder temperate and sometimes drier regions of the world
commonly have needle shaped leaves
importance source of timber
includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars, cypresses etc
what are cycads
slower growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropcial regions
most resemble palm trees
several species are facing extinction in the wild
what are gnetophytes
like ephedra
shrub like plants good for respiration
what are ginkgo
gingko biloba is the only remaining species
distinctive fan shaped leaves
the outer covering of the seeds emits a foul odor
what is the male cone like
it releases pollen grains that require wind to reach a female cone
what is the female cone
it has ovules on the protruding scales
they produce seeds when fertilized by pollen
what are the common characteristics of angiosperms
vascular
produce flowers, which produce gametes
seeds are enclosed within an ovule
what are the two structures of the flower in reproduction
stamen - male, and carpel - female
what are some strategies for attracting pollinators
trickery
bribery
how do plants use trickery in order to attract pollinators
some plants deceive animals into carrying pollen from one plant to another
how do plants use bribery to attract pollinators?
some plants offer something of value to an animal, bribing the animal to carry pollen from one plant to another (bees)
how does white attract
nocturnal pollinators such as moths and bats
how do bright colors attract
visually oriented diurnal pollinators such as birds, butterflies, and bees
describe the evolution of flowers and their pollinators
tube: allows for long tongues such as moths
intricate/closed: pollinators such as bees
what does the sweet odor attract
pollinators with a good sense of smell such as moths, butterflies, and bees
what does the stinky odor attract
pollinators looking for rotten meat on which to lay eggs scuh as flies
what does no odor attract
pollinators with a poor sense of smell such as birds
what does abundant nectar attract
pollinators with high energy needs such as bees, birds, and butterflies
what does absent nectar attract
pollinators such as flies, looking for a place to lay eggs, or such as beetles, looking for petals, pollen, and other parts to eat
how do some seeds hitch a ride on moving objects?
some seeds have spines or projections that attach them to moving animals in order to fertilize
plants are
photosynthetic eukaryotes
plants were derived from
green algea
invading the land was difficult for plants to adapt for several reason so they underwent a number of adaptations such as
roots, stems, leaves, and seeds
what are the early vascular plants called
tracheophytes
what type of plant is more organized
vascular
what are the two types of seed bearing tracheophytes
gymnosperms and angiosperms
what are flowering plants called
angiosperms
how do angiosperms have special adaptations
to attract pollinators with bright colored flowers, fruits are useful in dispersal of their seeds
Which is the best brief description of the vascular system of the very first terrestrial plants?
The first plants did not develop a vascular system
Both mosses and ferns must have freestanding water present in order to fulfill their requirements for fertilization. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this?
Both mosses and ferns have motile male gametes that require water to travel to the female gametes
Ferns possess all of the following:
embryos, cuticles, leaves, roots, but NOT SEEDS
Early seed plants were pollinated by
the wind
What is endosperm?
A food storing tissue of the seed
A seed is
An embryonic plant with its own supply of water and nutrients encased within a protective coating
A mature ovule
What are the characteristics of gymnosperms?
They are pollinated by the wind
In angiosperms, the ____ are specialized reproductive organs whose main function is to bring together the sperm and egg
Flowers
The stamens of a flowering plant are broken down into two separate parts, the long stalk like structure is the ____ and the pollen producing bodies on the tips are the ______
Filament
Anthers
Which of the following is the most diverse group of plants?
Angiosperms
Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the inside to the outside of a complete flower?
Carpels, stamens, petals, sepals
Which of the following lists correctly represents the order of evolutionary events in the history of plants from earliest to most recent in time
Roots, vascular tissue, pollen, flowers
What is the difference between vascular and non vascular plants
Vascular plants have roots, big leaves, a xylem, phloem, they are taller, and they have more distribution.
Non-vascular plants do not have roots, big leaves, xylem, phloem, they are short, and they live on wet lands
What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms
Gymnosperms: first seed plants evolved after seedless vascular plants, the cones are their reproductive structure
Angiosperms: they have flowers as reproductive structures, they have fruits that are attracting pollinators and also are means for distribution of seeds in different environments, the most evolved form of plants, the largest group of plants, more than 250,000 species, better chance of adaption and survival
What are carbohydrates
hydrated carbon
includes sugars and starches
how are carbohydrates classified
according to size and solubility
what are monosaccharides
the smallest unit of carbyohdyrate structure
simple sugars
What are disaccharides
two monosaccharide sugars
what are polysaccharides
many sugars
what is an example of simple sugars
pentose and hexose
what are pentose sugars
deoxyribose and ribose
important part of the structure of DNA, RNA, ATP
what are hexose sugars
the nutritional sugar such as glucose and fructose
what is the general formula for monosaccharides
(CH20)n
What is glucose
hexose
the main energy supplying molecule of the body that carries sugar in our blood
What is sucrose
disaccharide
glucose and fructose
energy supply
what is lactose
disaccharide
glucose and galactose
energy supply
What does your body go through to combine glucose and fructuse
dehydration synthesis. produces sucrose and water
what does your body go through to break apart sucrose
sucrose plus water creates glucose and fructose through hydrolysis
what are polysaccharides
polymers of many monosachcharides
what is glycogen
storage carbohydrates of animals
what is starch
the storage carbohydrate of plants
what is cellulose
dietary fiber present in plant foods
polysaccharide
How are starch and glycogen similar?
they are both polymers of glucose, differing only in the degree of branching
are lipids soluble in water
no
what are the 3 groups of lipids
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
what are triglycerides
the body’s most highly concentrated source of energy
2x the energy of carbs and proteins
what is the structure of triglycerides
3 fatty acids chains attached to glycerol
what are saturated fatty acids
each carbon atom is saturated with hydrogen atoms
there are only single bonds present
straight chains are solid at room temperature
what are unsaturated fatty acids
a hydrogen has been removed to form a double bond making a kink in the chain to produce a liquid at room temperature
what are the 2 types of unsaturated fatty acids
monounsaturated - one double bond
polyunsaturated - more than one double bond
what are essential fatty acids
omega 3, omega 6
cis fatty acids
cannot be synthesized in the body but are required in the diet and therefore are essential
what are phospholipids
modified triglycerides
major component in cell membrane
what is the structure of phospholipids
they are amphipathic meaning they have a non polar hydrophobic region and a polar hydrophilic region. they have a phosphate group attached to fatty acid tails
what is the structure of steroids
4 rings of carbon atoms
cholesterole - synthesized in the liver
what are the different functions of steroids
hormones
vitamin D
cholesterol
bile salts for digestions
fats are classified based on
the presence of doulbe bonds in their fatty acid chains
what elements does protein have
C H O N (S, P)
what are the building block of proteins
amino acids
what is the structure of amino acids
amino base, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R)
how is a peptide formed
dehydration synthesis
how many structures are there in proteins
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
what are the functions of proteins
structural regulatory immunological transport contractile catalytic
what are the elements in nucleic acids
C H O N P
nucleic acids consist of long chains of subunits called
nucleotides
what are two types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
what is the difference between DNA and RNA
DNA: double stranded, contains deoxyribones, hereditary material, blueprint for the synthesis of all protein
RNA: single stranded, contains ribose, carries info from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, controls how proteins are made, 3 different types
What two letters of DNA go together
A-T, C-G
what two letters of RNA go together
A-U, C-G
what is ATP
carries energy in phosphate bonds
when the bonds are broken between the phosphate groups, a lot fo energy is released and used in cellular metabolism
what is NAD
co-enzyme derived from the B vitamin used to carry hydrogen atoms during the chemical reactions that occur during the synthesis of ATP
what is the function of DNA
store and transmit genetic info
what is the purpose of RNA
carries genetic info from the nucleus to cytoplasm
ATP is composed of
adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups
NAD is composed of
two ribonucleotides with different nitrogen bases: nicotinamide and adenine
NAD functions in the exchange of
hydrogen atoms during metabolic processess
which of the following are all monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
glucose that circulates in your blood has one of three fates, it is used to fuel cellular activities, it can be converted into fat, or it can be
stored temporarily as glycogen
a complex polymer built of monosaccharides is called a
polysaccharide
glycogen belongs in the class of molecules known as
polysaccharides
sucrose and lactose are examples of
disaccharides
what is an example of a polysaccharide
celluose, the primary component of a plant cell wall
all lipids are
not soluable in water
an unsaturated fatty acid is one in which
carbon carbon double bonds are present in the hydocarbon chain
saturated fatty acids have ____ than unsuatrated fatty acids, which is why they exist as a ___ at room temperature
fewer double bonds
solid
a complete protein is
one that contains all of the essential amino acids
DNA is made up of
nucleotides
what are the three components of a deoxynucleotide
Phosphate group
deoxyribose
nitrogenous organic base
