bell ring/exam Flashcards
physical changes
-Change of form or shape. (ripping paper, shaping clay)
-Change of state.
(Solid, liquid, gas)
-Dissolving.
(dissolving sugar can be reverse if it’s boiled)
Chemical Changes
New Color appears
Heat/Light produced (hot) or absorbed (cold).
Bubbles of gas are formed
A solid material precipitate.
(the solid substance that appears when specific two substances mix)
Difficult to reverse
reactants vs products
reactants r the elements that make the products
what’s a Cation
Lose electrons and have a positive net charge
what’s a Anions
Gain electrons and have a negative net charge
Reactivity of metals vs nonmetals in periods
Reactivity of metals increases from right to left. Reactivity of nonmetals increases from left to right.
Reactivity of metals vs nonmetals in groups
Reactivity of metals increases from the top to the bottom. Reactivity of nonmetals increases from the bottom to the top
4 examples of Renewable energy
-Solar
-Wind
-Tidal (Hydro)
-Biomass (if properly managed)
2 examples of non- renewable energy
Fossil Fuels (Natural gas, propane, coal, and petroleum)
Nuclear
what’s a Path
a complete trip to and from the cell(s) with no back or repeat step
Series Circuit vs Parallel
A Series Circuit is where charges have only 1 path to follow.
A Parallel Circuit is where charges have more than 1 path to follow
What happens when a load goes out in a parallel vs series circuit?
Series– All loads in the circuit will go out
Parallel circuits– All loads in the circuit will stay the same brightness
How are Ammeters connected
Series
How are Voltmeters connected
Parallel
If the Ammeter/Voltmeter shows a negative number what does that mean?
The wires were incorrectly connected and needed to be switched
If a circuit only has one load, how must it be wired
In series
what’s a Combination Circuit
Circuit in which it has both elements of series and parallel
Unsafe use of circuits can cause
Short circuiting
What safety device can be used when the current exceeds a safe limit
A fuse will heat up and melt (breaking the circuit)
Automatic fuses
Circuit breakers
Resistor
a device that reduces the current in a circuit
Resistance
symbol and unit
symbol= R
unit= Ω (Ohm)
Current
symbol and unit
symbol=I
unit= Ampere
voltage
symbol and unit
symbol=V
unit= Volts
Advantages of wind renewable energy
Does not run out or create pollutions
Disadvantages of wind renewable energy
-expensive
-bad for birds
-not always windy
Advantages of Solar renewable energy
Does not run out or create pollutions
Disadvantages of solar non-renewable energy
-expensive
-not always sunny
Advantages of fossil fuels non-renewable energy
-not expensive
-easy to extract
Disadvantages of fossil fuels non-renewable energy
-Pollution
-will run out
Advantages of nuclear non-renewable energy
-lot’s of energy
-clean
Disadvantages of nuclear non-renewable energy
-can be deadly
Parallel law (math) all ? is the same
Voltage
series law (math) all ? is the same
Current
what’s a Biotic Factor
living organisms
what’s a Abiotic Factor
non living organisms
what’s Mutualism
both species benefit from the relationship and none are harmed. example: bees and flowers
what’s Parasitism
the parasite benefits and the host is
harmed. example: mosquitoes and humans
what’s Commensalism
one benefits and the other
neither benefits nor is harmed. example: Remora and sharks
what’s Predation
Predator-prey relationships where one organism hunts another
what’s Intraspecific Competition
competition between
individuals of the same species.
What percent of energy is passed along the food chain?
Any particular organism in a food chain will only pass on 10% of its energy to the organism that consumes it.
Photosynthesis Formula
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy → Sugar + Oxygen
Cellular respiration Formula
Sugar + Oxygen → Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy
Complementary process
Cellular respiration and
photosynthesis are complementary processes
Food Chain
a sequence of feeding from one organism to another
Which level are decomposers found in
Decomposers consume organisms at every level.
Primary producers:
autotrophs
Primary consumers:
herbivores
What’s a Niche
the role an organism plays in their environment
what’s a Herbivore
Eats plants
what’s a Carnivore
Eats animals
what’s a Omnivore
Eats plants and Animals
what’s a Grazer
Eats living organisms without killing them
what’s a Predator
Eats animals (prey)
what’s a Scavenger
Eats already dead animals
what’s a Decomposer
Eats broken down dead organisms and their waste
what’s WHMIS
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
what’s HHPS
Hazardous Household Product Safety
Qualitative Properties
Color
State
Clarity
Odour
Taste
Texture
Luster (Shiny)
Quantitative Properties
Melting point
Boiling point
Solubility
Hardness (resistance of a solid being scratched)
Electrical conductivity
Viscosity (flow)
What’s charging by friction?
When you rub two objects together
What’s charging by conduction?
When a unchanged object touch a charged object
What’s charging induction?
When you charge an object without the objects touching
Two positive objects
repel each other
Two negative objects
repel each other
One positive one negative object
attract each other
Charging by friction Temporary or permanent?
Permanent
Charging by conduction Temporary vs permanent?
Permanet
Charging by induction Temporary vs permanent?
Temporary
Why use light years?
Space is so huge so the use of kilometers would be impractical so we measure distances in space using light years.
8 planets in order
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Inner vs. Outer solar system
Inner= rocky/ terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars)
Outer= gas giant planets (Jupitar, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
3 types of galaxies
Barred Spiral Galaxy
Elliptical Galaxy
Irregular Galaxy
Big bang theory
All of the matter and energy in the universe expanded from a single point
Low Mass Nebela
Nebula– Protostar–Red Dwarf–White Dwarf
Medium Mass Nebela
Nebula–Protostar–Red Giant–Planetary Nebula–White Dwarf–Black Dwarf
High Mass Nebela
Nebula–Protostar–Red supergiant–Supernova–Neutron star and Black hole
3 ways humans add carbon to the environment
Burn fossil fuels
Cut down trees (Deforestation)
Pollute the air with car emissions
how is a star made
clouds of dust
homogenous
1 layer example- jello
heterogenous
you can see the different layers - oli in water or choco cookie
hydrosphere
All the water on, above, and below the Earth’s surface. ( lakes, groundwater, clouds, icebergs, etc.)
Biosphere
The parts of the planet where all life exists and their physical environment. (land, water, air, etc.)
Lithosphere
The rocky outer shell of the Earth. (rocks, minerals, mountains, earth’s crust and mantle, etc.)
Atmosphere
Blanket that helps moderate temperature, preventing excessive heating (day) or cooling (night).
Trophic levels
Producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, quaternary consumers etc.
Why does only 10% of the sun’s original energy get passed on to the next trophic level
This is because 90% is lost due to heat/ used so the remaining 10% can get passed on to the next trophic level
Liquide particle behaviour
Space- small
Attraction- strong
Movement- slow
Energy- low
What is the particle theory of matter?
It is a way to describe the structure of matter and how it behaves
Gas particle behaviour
Space- big
Attraction- weak
Movement- fast
Energy - high
Calculate the energy passed to each trophic level
Divided by 10 = Up the energy pyramid
Multiplied by 10= Down the energy pyramid
Solid particle behaviour
Space- very small
Attraction- very strong
Movement - very slow
Energy - very low
Solid- Liquid particle behaviour
Space- Increase
Attraction- Decrease
Movement- Increase
Energy- Increase
Liquid to Gas particle behaviour
Space- Increase
Attraction- Decrease
Movement- Increase
Energy- Increase
Gas to liquid particle behaviour
Space- Decrease
Attraction- Increase
Movement- Decrease
Energy- Decrease
Liquid to solid particle behaviour
Space- Decrease
Attraction- Increase
Movement- Decrease
Energy- Decrease
Pure substance
1 type of particle
Mixture
2 or more different types of particles
Elements
anything on the periodic table
Compounds
A pure substance that contains 2 or more different elements in a fixed ratio. ( salt, sugar, water, carbon dioxide etc.)
Chemical properties: The ability of a substance to react and form a new substance
Combustibility
Reactivity with water
Toxicity
Stability
What type of galaxy is the milky way
Barred Spiral Galaxy
What separates the inner and outer planets
Between mars and jupiter is an asteroid belt
what’s Rotation
An object’s spinning around its own axis.
what’s Revolution
An object is circling around another object.
3 Subatomic Particles and their locations
Protons (Nucleus)
Neutrons (Nucleus)
Electrons (orbitals around the nucleus)
5 Metal properties
Solid (except mercury), Shiny, Good Conductor, Malleable and, Ductile
5 Non- Metal properties
Solid, Liquid, Gas, Dull (not shiny), Poor conductors (insulators), Brittle (if solid) and, Not ductile
Why are atoms neutral
Atoms contain the same number of protons and electrons making their overall charge always neutral.
who is Democritus
The Indivisible Particle
Matter is made up of tiny, indivisible pieces that cannot be broken anymore.
who is Dalton
The Billiard Ball Model
Atoms are small, indivisible particles.
who is Thomson
Chocolate Chip Model
Negatively charged electrons are found inside a positive sphere.
who is Rutherford
The Nuclear Model
Atoms are mostly empty space with a positively charged center.
who is Bohr
Rutherford- Bohr Model
Electrons surround the nucleus in specific energy levels.
who is Chadwick
The planetary model
Nucleus contains neutral particles along with the positively charged particles.
what’s Standard Atomic Notation
7 Li (mass number on top)
3
1 valence electron is…
Alkali metal
the most reactive
2 valence electrons is..
Alkaline Earth metals
slightly less reactive than Alkali
7 valence electrons is..
Halogens
most reactive non-metal
8 valence electrons is..
Noble Gases
Unreactive and stable
what’s Grounding
Connecting an object to the earth’s surface using a conductor
Supernova
Stars that eventually died creating a massive explosion called supernova
what are Reservoirs
an area where carbon is stored for long period of time
what are Biotic Reservoirs
Carbon trapped in the cells of living organisms. (forests, fossil fuels, shells, bones)
what are Abiotic Reservoirs
Carbon stored in the environment. (Lakes, Rivers, the ocean)
Burning fossil fuels
releases carbon in that reservoir adding more carbon into the atmosphere
Cutting down trees (Deforestation)
Any carbon trapped in these trees is then released into the atmosphere.
Polluting the air with car emissions
air pollution from cars adds more carbon into the atmosphere and this can actually result in acid rain forming.
2 complementary processes’ balancing the carbon cycle:
photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Why is algal bloom bad for plants
Blocks the sun, preventing them from undergoing photosynthesis.
Eutrophication
Excess nitrogen entering run-off in nearby lakes and ponds.
Algal Bloom
Layer of algae that grows on the surface of water.
Which bean boosts nitrogen content in soil
Legumes
Three sisters
Corn (provide a lattice for beans to grow on), Beans (provide nitrogen to the soil for corn and squash), and Squash (provides moisture to the soil for beans and corn)
Why is bacteria the most important part of the nitrogen cycle?
Bacterias are necessary for “fixing” the nitrogen so it can be used by plants.
7 diatomic elements:
hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I)
how does the nitrogen cycle work
- nitrogen enters the soil from the atmosphere
2.moves up into the food chain - the nitrogen is execrated and then goes back into the ground
what is 95% of are body’s made up of
carbon, hydeogen, oxygen, nitrogen
where is carbon found
fats, proteins, sugars and DNA
how does carbon dioxide go through plants and animals
– Plants take in carbon dioxide using the process of photosynthesis
-animals obtain carbon by eating the plants
-when animals exhale carbon dioxide is released from their bodies when they undergo cellular respiration
what would happened to the carbon cycle if all the decomposers stopped doing their jobs
Decomposers return carbon dioxide into the Earth without decomposers plants can’t grow
what are some ways humans can decrease the amount of co2 entering the atmosphere
-walk more
-take bus
-electric cars
-plant trees
what is green carbon
the naturally occurring carbon in are atmosphere
what is fossil carbon
the added carbon from burning fossil fules
what are the 3 main isotopes
c-12, c-13, c-14
type of meterial for resistance
the poorer the conductor the greater the resistance
cross - sectional area resistance
the thiner the wire, the greater the resistance
wire length resistance
the longer the wire, the greater the resistance
temperature resistance
the higher the temperature, the greater the resistance
