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Year 2 intro to clinical sciences > bacteria (gram) > Flashcards

bacteria (gram) Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathogen

A

Organisms that causes of is capable of causing disease

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2
Q

Define commensal

A

Organism which colonises the hose but causes no diseases in normal circumstances (staph aureus)

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3
Q

Define opportunistic pathogen

A

Microbe that only. causes disease if the host defences are compromised

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4
Q

Define virulence/pathogenicity

A
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5
Q

What is the resolving eye of the naked eye

A

100um

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6
Q

What is the resolving power of a light microscope?

A

0.2um

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7
Q

what is bacterial nomenclatus

A

Genus then species

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8
Q

what colour does gram negative stain

A

pink

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9
Q

What colour does gram-positive stain

A

Purple

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10
Q

where is DNA transcribed in a bacterium

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

what are the features of a gram positive cells

A

capsule
peptidoglycan thick
Lipoteichoic acid

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12
Q

What are the features of gram negative cells?

A

Capsules
peptidoglycan thin
LPS (ENDOTOXIN)
periplasmic space

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13
Q

Describe bacterial environments

A

can be stored at -80-+80
ph 4-9
can survive without water
some can survive UV
Some can survive radiation

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14
Q

What is the doubling time for E.coli

A

20-30 mins

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15
Q

what is the doubling time for S.aureus

A

20-30mins

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16
Q

What is the doubling time for mycobacterium, tuberculosis

A

24 hours

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17
Q

What is the doubling time for candida albicans

A

30 mins

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18
Q

What is the doubling time for Mycobacterium leprae

A

2 weeks

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19
Q

what are the 2 main toxins from bacterium

A

Endotoxin and exotoxin
endotoxin is LPS (gram neg)

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20
Q

What type of toxin is tetanus

A

Exotoxin

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21
Q

What cells produce exotoxin

A

Gram-positive and negative

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22
Q

What cells produce endotoxin

A

Gram negative LPS

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23
Q

How can bacteria transfer genes

A

Transformation via plasmid
transduction via phage
conjugation via pilli

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24
Q

what are the obligate intraceuular bacteria

A

Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Coxiella

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25
What are the 3 classed of spirochaeted
Leptospira TREPONEMA BORRELIA
26
What are tej important GRAM NEGATIVE aerobic and anaerobic bacterium
Aerobic -NEISSERIA N. meningitidis N. gonorrhoeae etc Anaerobic - VEILLONELLA
27
What are the important GRAM POSITIVE aerobic and anaerobic bacterium
Aerobic - STAPHYLOCOCCUS S. aureus S. epidermidis STREPTOCOCCUS Anaerobic - PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS
28
What are the important streptococcus?
BETA-HAEMOLYTIC S. pyogenes (A)* S. agalactiae (B)* etc ALPHA-HAEMOLYTIC S. pneumoniae S. oralis S. milleri S. sanguis etc NON-HAEMOLYTIC S. bovis ENTEROCOCCUS E. faecalis (D)*
29
what stain with the ziehl Neelsen stain-positive
Myobacteria
30
What are the GRAM POSITIVE rods? aerobic and anaerobic
ANAEROBIC - CLOSTRIDIUM C. perfringens C. tetani C. botulinum C. difficile etc PROPIONIBACTERIUM P. acnes AEROBIC -CORYNEBACTERIUM C. diphtheriae etc LISTERIA L. monocytogenes etc BACILLUS B. anthracis B. cereus etc
31
What are the GRAM NEGATIVE RODs aerobic and anaerobic?
ANAEROBIC - BACTEROIDES B. fragilis AEROBIC ESCHERICHIA VIBRIO KLEBSIELLA SALMONELLA
32
staph and strep what what type of bacteria
Cocci - gram-positive - aerobic
33
staph typically form a) clusters b)chains
Clusters
34
What is the habitat is Staphylococci?
nose and skin
35
How is Staphylococcus aureus spread?
Aerosol and touch
36
Whar are Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors
Pore-forming toxins (some strains) - alpha haemolysin & Panton-Valentine Leucocidin Proteases -Exfoliatin Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin (stimulates cytokine release) Protein A (surface protein which binds Ig’s in wrong orientation)
37
What is MRSA resistant to
Beta lactams, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline
38
what is haemolysis
Beta = complete clearing Alpha =some clearing
39
what is S.pyogenes virulence factors
Exported factors Enzymes Hyaluronidase - spreading Streptokinase - breaks down clots C5a peptidase - reduces chemotaxis Toxins Streptolysins O&S - binds cholesterol Erythrogenic toxin - SPeA – exaggerated response Surface factors Capsule - hyaluronic acid M protein – surface protein (encourages complement degradation)
40
What are some infections caused by s.pyogenes
cellulitis tonsillitis + pharengutis Impetigo scarlet fever
41
what are some important gram positive bacilli AEROBIC
lISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES -can cause menigitis BACILUSS ANTHACIS -anthrax CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPTHERIAE -diptheria
42
What are some important gram-positive bacilli ANAEROBIC?
C.DIFF - C.BOTULISM - botulism C.TETANI - tetanius
43
what
44
Which gram has a periplasmic space
Gram negative
45
Which gram has LPS
Gram negative
46
What is the peptidoglycan wall made of
Murein
47
Which gram has a thin peptidoglycan layer
Negative
48
Which gram has a thick peptidoglycan layer
Positive
49
What are coliforms
Gram negative Enterobacteria Rod shaped Facultativly anaerobic Most are motile (flagellaa) Colonise intestinal tract
50
Whar is maccoket lactose agar
Plate consisting of lactose ferments (red/pink) Acid produced by fermentation turns neutral red dye in plate red
51
What is Xylose lysine deoxycholate plate?
Lactose fermenters turn phenol red into yellow Isolated salmonella and Shigella Shigella cannot ferment lactose (remains red) Salmonella cannot ferment lactose but reduces thiosulphate to produce hydrogen sulphide (black)
52
is e.choli commensal
Yes
53
What are some principal infections caused by pathogens?
Wound infections (surgical) Uti - cystitis Gatroentitris Meningitis (neonatal)
54
what are the 4 species of shigella
S.dysenterae S. boydii s. flecneri S. sonnei
55
Describe pathogenesis of shigella
Acid tolerant very low infective dose Passes by person to person or contaminated food/water Enters through colonic M cells release Shiga toxin inhibiting protein synthesis (cell death) Symptoms include blood diarrhoea
56
Describe the 2 species of salmonella
S.enterica Responible for salmonellosis S.bongori
57
What are the 3 forms of ssalmonellosis caused by S. enterica
Gastritis.enterocolitis -food poisoning's -6-36hr incubation Enteric fever (typhoid)
58
Describe the pathogenesis of salmonellosis
1)Initial ingestion of contaminated food.water -High infective dose -Invasion of gut epithelium (small intestine) -Trancytosed to basolateral membrane -Enters submucosal macrophages Replication 2. Enteric fever - typhoid/paratyphoid fever (serovars Typhi and Paratyphi) Poor quality drinking water/poor sanitation Systemic disease 3. Bacteraemia (serovars Cholerasuis and Dublin) Uncommon
59
what is the omst importunate pseudomonas
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
60
Describe characterisics of pseudomonas aeroguinosa
Motile Rod Opportunistic AMR Acute infections -local and systematic
61
what is the most famous vibrio
cholera
62
Describe the characteristics of vibrio cholera
Faculative anaerobe Saline environments Ingestion via shelfish an disinfected water Causative agent of cholera Most sever diarrhoea disease Mostly cause by 01 serotype
63
Describe the pathogenesis of vibrio choler
Faecal oral route - high infective dose Incubation of hours-5days Voluminous watery stools Can lose 20 litres/day + electrolytes -Dehydration/death No blood, pus or fever 50-60% mortality if untreated
64
What are the most important campylobacter?
C.jejuni C.coli
65
Describe Campylo bacter
Spiral rods Unipolar/bipolar flagella Most common cause of food poisoning Low infective dose Mild to severe diarrhoea, often with blood
66
What type of bacteria is Haemophilus influenza
Parvo bacteria
67
Describe Haemophilus influenza
Exlusic himan reservoir Opportunistic infection in children/smokers -meningitis Diagnostics -fastidous -chocolate agar Non-motile
68
what are bacteroides
Gram negative Rod Obligate anaerobes Non-motile Opportunistic Often present in polymicrobial infections
69
Describe Nisseria
Non flagellated diplocci Gram-negative cocci Aerobic 2 species -N.menigititis -N.gonorrhoea only know to be found in humans
70
What is the main different between-N.menigititis and N.gonorrhoea in bacterial structure
the presence of a polysaccharide capsule
71
what bacterium is responsible for Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi theroigh ticks
72
What is the most prominent sign to tell Lyme disease?
Bullseye rash
73
Where bacterium os responsible for weils disease (from rats)
Leptospira interrogans
74
what bacterium is responsible for syphilis
Treponema pallidum
75
Describe the bacterium chlamydia
Very small Non-motile Cannot gram stain Cannot culture in media so must use PCR
76
what are the phases of bacterial growth
lag exponential stationary
77

Year 2 intro to clinical sciences (46 decks)

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