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Year 2 intro to clinical sciences > bacteria (gram) > Flashcards

bacteria (gram) Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathogen

A

Organisms that causes of is capable of causing disease

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2
Q

Define commensal

A

Organism which colonises the hose but causes no diseases in normal circumstances (staph aureus)

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3
Q

Define opportunistic pathogen

A

Microbe that only. causes disease if the host defences are compromised

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4
Q

Define virulence/pathogenicity

A
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5
Q

What is the resolving eye of the naked eye

A

100um

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6
Q

What is the resolving power of a light microscope?

A

0.2um

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7
Q

what is bacterial nomenclatus

A

Genus then species

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8
Q

what colour does gram negative stain

A

pink

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9
Q

What colour does gram-positive stain

A

Purple

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10
Q

where is DNA transcribed in a bacterium

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

what are the features of a gram positive cells

A

capsule
peptidoglycan thick
Lipoteichoic acid

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12
Q

What are the features of gram negative cells?

A

Capsules
peptidoglycan thin
LPS (ENDOTOXIN)
periplasmic space

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13
Q

Describe bacterial environments

A

can be stored at -80-+80
ph 4-9
can survive without water
some can survive UV
Some can survive radiation

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14
Q

What is the doubling time for E.coli

A

20-30 mins

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15
Q

what is the doubling time for S.aureus

A

20-30mins

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16
Q

What is the doubling time for mycobacterium, tuberculosis

A

24 hours

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17
Q

What is the doubling time for candida albicans

A

30 mins

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18
Q

What is the doubling time for Mycobacterium leprae

A

2 weeks

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19
Q

what are the 2 main toxins from bacterium

A

Endotoxin and exotoxin
endotoxin is LPS (gram neg)

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20
Q

What type of toxin is tetanus

A

Exotoxin

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21
Q

What cells produce exotoxin

A

Gram-positive and negative

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22
Q

What cells produce endotoxin

A

Gram negative LPS

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23
Q

How can bacteria transfer genes

A

Transformation via plasmid
transduction via phage
conjugation via pilli

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24
Q

what are the obligate intraceuular bacteria

A

Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Coxiella

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25
Q

What are the 3 classed of spirochaeted

A

Leptospira
TREPONEMA
BORRELIA

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26
Q

What are tej important GRAM NEGATIVE aerobic and anaerobic bacterium

A

Aerobic -NEISSERIA
N. meningitidis
N. gonorrhoeae
etc

Anaerobic - VEILLONELLA

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27
Q

What are the important GRAM POSITIVE aerobic and anaerobic bacterium

A

Aerobic - STAPHYLOCOCCUS
S. aureus
S. epidermidis
STREPTOCOCCUS

Anaerobic - PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS

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28
Q

What are the important streptococcus?

A

BETA-HAEMOLYTIC
S. pyogenes (A)*
S. agalactiae (B)*
etc

ALPHA-HAEMOLYTIC
S. pneumoniae
S. oralis
S. milleri
S. sanguis
etc

NON-HAEMOLYTIC
S. bovis

ENTEROCOCCUS
E. faecalis (D)*

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29
Q

what stain with the ziehl Neelsen stain-positive

A

Myobacteria

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30
Q

What are the GRAM POSITIVE rods? aerobic and anaerobic

A

ANAEROBIC - CLOSTRIDIUM
C. perfringens
C. tetani
C. botulinum
C. difficile
etc
PROPIONIBACTERIUM
P. acnes

AEROBIC -CORYNEBACTERIUM
C. diphtheriae
etc
LISTERIA
L. monocytogenes
etc
BACILLUS
B. anthracis
B. cereus
etc

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31
Q

What are the GRAM NEGATIVE RODs aerobic and anaerobic?

A

ANAEROBIC - BACTEROIDES
B. fragilis

	AEROBIC  ESCHERICHIA		 VIBRIO KLEBSIELLA		  SALMONELLA
32
Q

staph and strep what what type of bacteria

A

Cocci - gram-positive - aerobic

33
Q

staph typically form
a) clusters
b)chains

A

Clusters

34
Q

What is the habitat is Staphylococci?

A

nose and skin

35
Q

How is Staphylococcus aureus spread?

A

Aerosol and touch

36
Q

Whar are Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors

A

Pore-forming toxins (some strains) - alpha haemolysin & Panton-Valentine Leucocidin

Proteases -Exfoliatin

Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin (stimulates cytokine release)
Protein A (surface protein which binds Ig’s in wrong orientation)

37
Q

What is MRSA resistant to

A

Beta lactams, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline

38
Q

what is haemolysis

A

Beta = complete clearing
Alpha =some clearing

39
Q

what is S.pyogenes virulence factors

A

Exported factors
Enzymes
Hyaluronidase - spreading
Streptokinase - breaks down clots
C5a peptidase - reduces chemotaxis

Toxins
Streptolysins O&S - binds cholesterol
Erythrogenic toxin - SPeA – exaggerated response
Surface factors

Capsule - hyaluronic acid

M protein – surface protein
(encourages complement degradation)

40
Q

What are some infections caused by s.pyogenes

A

cellulitis
tonsillitis + pharengutis
Impetigo
scarlet fever

41
Q

what are some important gram positive bacilli AEROBIC

A

lISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES -can cause menigitis

BACILUSS ANTHACIS -anthrax

CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPTHERIAE -diptheria

42
Q

What are some important gram-positive bacilli ANAEROBIC?

A

C.DIFF -
C.BOTULISM - botulism
C.TETANI - tetanius

43
Q

what

A
44
Q

Which gram has a periplasmic space

A

Gram negative

45
Q

Which gram has LPS

A

Gram negative

46
Q

What is the peptidoglycan wall made of

A

Murein

47
Q

Which gram has a thin peptidoglycan layer

A

Negative

48
Q

Which gram has a thick peptidoglycan layer

A

Positive

49
Q

What are coliforms

A

Gram negative
Enterobacteria
Rod shaped
Facultativly anaerobic
Most are motile (flagellaa)
Colonise intestinal tract

50
Q

Whar is maccoket lactose agar

A

Plate consisting of lactose ferments (red/pink)
Acid produced by fermentation turns neutral red dye in plate red

51
Q

What is Xylose lysine deoxycholate plate?

A

Lactose fermenters turn phenol red into yellow

Isolated salmonella and Shigella
Shigella cannot ferment lactose (remains red)

Salmonella cannot ferment lactose but reduces thiosulphate to produce hydrogen sulphide (black)

52
Q

is e.choli commensal

A

Yes

53
Q

What are some principal infections caused by pathogens?

A

Wound infections (surgical)
Uti - cystitis
Gatroentitris
Meningitis (neonatal)

54
Q

what are the 4 species of shigella

A

S.dysenterae
S. boydii
s. flecneri
S. sonnei

55
Q

Describe pathogenesis of shigella

A

Acid tolerant

very low infective dose

Passes by person to person or contaminated food/water

Enters through colonic M cells

release Shiga toxin inhibiting protein synthesis (cell death)

Symptoms include blood diarrhoea

56
Q

Describe the 2 species of salmonella

A

S.enterica
Responible for salmonellosis

S.bongori

57
Q

What are the 3 forms of ssalmonellosis caused by S. enterica

A

Gastritis.enterocolitis
-food poisoning’s
-6-36hr incubation

Enteric fever (typhoid)

58
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of salmonellosis

A

1)Initial ingestion of contaminated food.water
-High infective dose
-Invasion of gut epithelium (small intestine)
-Trancytosed to basolateral membrane
-Enters submucosal macrophages
Replication

  1. Enteric fever - typhoid/paratyphoid fever (serovars Typhi and Paratyphi)
    Poor quality drinking water/poor sanitation
    Systemic disease
  2. Bacteraemia (serovars Cholerasuis and Dublin)
    Uncommon
59
Q

what is the omst importunate pseudomonas

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

60
Q

Describe characterisics of pseudomonas aeroguinosa

A

Motile
Rod
Opportunistic
AMR
Acute infections
-local and systematic

61
Q

what is the most famous vibrio

A

cholera

62
Q

Describe the characteristics of vibrio cholera

A

Faculative anaerobe
Saline environments
Ingestion via shelfish an disinfected water

Causative agent of cholera
Most sever diarrhoea disease
Mostly cause by 01 serotype

63
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of vibrio choler

A

Faecal oral route - high infective dose
Incubation of hours-5days
Voluminous watery stools
Can lose 20 litres/day + electrolytes
-Dehydration/death
No blood, pus or fever
50-60% mortality if untreated

64
Q

What are the most important campylobacter?

A

C.jejuni
C.coli

65
Q

Describe Campylo bacter

A

Spiral rods

Unipolar/bipolar flagella

Most common cause of food poisoning

Low infective dose

Mild to severe diarrhoea, often with blood

66
Q

What type of bacteria is Haemophilus influenza

A

Parvo bacteria

67
Q

Describe Haemophilus influenza

A

Exlusic himan reservoir

Opportunistic infection in children/smokers
-meningitis

Diagnostics
-fastidous
-chocolate agar

Non-motile

68
Q

what are bacteroides

A

Gram negative
Rod
Obligate anaerobes
Non-motile
Opportunistic
Often present in polymicrobial infections

69
Q

Describe Nisseria

A

Non flagellated diplocci

Gram-negative cocci

Aerobic

2 species
-N.menigititis
-N.gonorrhoea

only know to be found in humans

70
Q

What is the main different between-N.menigititis and N.gonorrhoea in bacterial structure

A

the presence of a polysaccharide capsule

71
Q

what bacterium is responsible for Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi theroigh ticks

72
Q

What is the most prominent sign to tell Lyme disease?

A

Bullseye rash

73
Q

Where bacterium os responsible for weils disease (from rats)

A

Leptospira interrogans

74
Q

what bacterium is responsible for syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

75
Q

Describe the bacterium chlamydia

A

Very small
Non-motile
Cannot gram stain
Cannot culture in media so must use PCR

76
Q

what are the phases of bacterial growth

A

lag
exponential
stationary

77
Q
A

Year 2 intro to clinical sciences (46 decks)

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