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Pharmacology > Background and Foundational Concepts > Flashcards

Background and Foundational Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Drug?

A

Any chemical that affects the processes of a living organism

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2
Q

What is Pharmacology?

A

The study or science of drugs

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3
Q

Chemical Drug name

A

Describes the drug’s chemical composition

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4
Q

Generic Drug Name

A

Nonproprietary name given by Health Canada

Ex: Acetaminophen

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5
Q

Trade Drug Name

A

Proprietary name for a drug that has a registered trademark

Ex: Tylenol

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6
Q

Pharmaceutics

A

The study of preparing and dispensing drugs, including how various dosage forms influence the way the drug affects the body.

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7
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of what the body does to the drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

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8
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body. Examines the properties of drugs and their pharmacological interactions with body protein receptors

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9
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

The clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

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10
Q

Pharmacognosy

A

The study of natural drug sources (plants and animals)

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11
Q

What are the 3 phases of drug activity?

A

Pharmaceutical phase, Pharmacokinetic phase, Pharmacodynamic phase

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12
Q

Pharmaceutical phase

A

The disintegration of dosage form and dissolution of a drug

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13
Q

Drug absorption Rates

A

Liquids, elixirs, syrups Fast
Suspension solution
Powders
Capsules
Tablets
Coated tablets
Enteric-coated Tablets Slow

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14
Q

The pharmacokinetic phase includes…

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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15
Q

Absorption

A

The transportation of the unmetabolized drug from the site of administration to the body circulation system where it becomes AVAILABLE

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16
Q

Factors that affect absorption

A

Administration route
- Injection, oral transdermal
Food or fluids
Dosage formulation
Status of the absorptive surface
Rate of blood flow to the small intestines
Aciditiy of the stomach
-Absorbs faster in acidic
Status of GI motility

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17
Q

What is the First-Pass Effect?

A

The degree of metabolic breakdown of an orally administered drug that occurs in the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation

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18
Q

Create an Example of First-Pass Effect

A

A drug given orally is metabolized by the liver, reducing bioavailability (high first-pass). The same drug given through IV bypasses the liver so more drug reaches the circulation

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19
Q

Routes that Bypass the Liver

A

Sublingual - Under the tongue
Buccal - In the cheek
IV
Intranasal
Transdermal
Vaginal
IM
SubQ
Inhalation

Rectal - Has a higher first-pass effect than the others on this list

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20
Q

What is Distribution?

A

Refers to the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action

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21
Q

Distribution is influenced by…

A

Blood flow
Affinity to the tissues
Protein Binding
Volume of Drug Distribution

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22
Q

Volume of Drug Distribution is:

A

A theoretical volume used to describe the potential volumes within various areas where the drug may be distributed (Compartments)

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23
Q

What are the various compartments of the body? What does this mean in terms of drug distribution?

A

Blood (intravascular space)
Total body water
Body fat
Other tissues and organs

A hydrophilic drug will have a small volume of distribution and high blood concentration, while a lipophilic drug will have a large volume of distribution and low blood concentration

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24
Q

Metabolism (AKA Biotransformation) is…

A

The biochemical alteration of a drug into:

An inactive metabolite
A more potent metabolite
A more soluble compound
A less active metabolite

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25
Q

Where does biotransformation take place?

A

Primarily in the liver, but also:

Skeletal muscle
Kidneys
Lungs
Plasma
Intestinal mucosa

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26
Q

What is the name of the enzyme most responsible for hepatic biotransformation? What does it mainly target?

A

Cytochrome P-450 enzyme

AKA Microsomal Enzymes

Largely targeted against lipid-soluble drugs. Water-soluble drugs are more easily metabolized with simpler chemical reactions such as hydrolysis

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27
Q

Factors that alter hepatic biotransformation

A

Age (Youth and elderly)
Genetics
Diseases
Use of other medication

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28
Q

Excretion is…

A

The elimination of drugs from the body

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29
Q

Where does excretion take place?

A

Mainly in the kidneys, but also in the

Liver/bile
Feces
Lungs
Saliva
Sweat
Breastmilk

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30
Q

What is a half-life?

A

The time it takes for one-half of the original amount of a drug to be eliminated from the body

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31
Q

What is the half-life affected by?

A

Metabolism and elimination

32
Q

Why is it useful to know the half-life of a drug?

A

It helps to determine the steady state

33
Q

What is steady state?

A

The physiological state where the amount of drug eliminated is equal to the amount absorbed with each dose administration

34
Q

After how many half-lives does steady state typically occur?

A

4-5

35
Q

Why is a steady-state desired in medication administration?

A

It is desired to achieve a therapeutic effect over time

36
Q

What is the onset of a drug?

A

The time required for the drug to elicit its minimum therapeutic response

37
Q

What is the peak of a drug?

A

The time required for the drug to reach its highest blood or plasma concentration and maximal therapeutic response

38
Q

What is the duration of a drug?

A

The length of time that the drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response/pharmacological effect

39
Q

Pharmacodynamics definition

A

The study of the mechanism of drug actions in the living tissues

What the drug does to the body

40
Q

What is a therapeutic effect?

A

Occurs when a drug corrects or makes a positive change in a physiological fault

41
Q

What is a Mechanism of Action? What are the 3 called?

A

The way the drug produces a therapeutic effect

There are 3 ways drugs can exert their actions:
Receptor Interactions
Enzyme Interactions
Nonselective Interactions

42
Q

Receptor

A

A reactive site on the surface or inside of a cell. Usually a protein structure within the cell membrane

43
Q

Receptor Interactions

A

The drug with the strongest affinity (best fit) for a specific receptor will bind to and elicit the greatest response. They can either elicit or block a physiological response

44
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein molecules that catalyze nearly every biochemical reaction in a cell

45
Q

Enzyme Interaction

A

Drug chemically binds to the enzyme and alters the physiological response of the enzyme by enhancing (less common) or inhibiting (more common) the enzyme’s interactions with its normal target molecules in the body

46
Q

Non-specific interaction. What drugs are commonly used this way?

A

The main targets are cell membranes and various cellular processes/metabolic activities. Drugs interfere with or chemically alter cellular metabolic processes

Cancer drugs and antibiotics are commonly used this way.

47
Q

What should we assess before administering drugs?

A

Current medications
- Precribed, OTC, natural health products, illicit drugs

Pregnancy
- Real of potential, breastfeeding

Concurrent illnesses, allergies, sensitivities

Contraindications
- Any patient condition, especially disease, that makes the use of the drug dangerous

48
Q

What are pharmacotherapeutic implementation?

A

The intent of the therapy, as well as the psychomotor skills of administering drugs

49
Q

Acute Therapy

A

Treats something severe and immediate. Often involves more intensive drug therapy

50
Q

Maintenance Therapy

A

Does not eradicate problems but prevents the progression of a disease or condition

Treatment of chronic illnesses

51
Q

Supplemental Therapy

A

Supplies the body with a substance needed to maintain a normal function

Ex: Insulin - Diabetes
Iron - Anemia

52
Q

Palliative Therapy

A

The goal is to make the patient as comfortable as possible. It provides relief from symptoms, pain, stress, etc

End of life care

53
Q

Supportive Therapy

A

Maintains the integrity of bodily functions while the patient is recovering from illness of trauma

Ex: fluids, electrolytes - dehydration from flu
Fluids, blood - blood loss during surgery

54
Q

Prophylactic Therapy

A

Provided to prevent illness or other undesirable outcomes during planned events

Ex: vaccines

55
Q

Empirical Therapy

A

Based on clinical probabilities. Used when a pathological condition has an uncertain but high likelihood of occurrence based on symptoms

Ex: use of antibiotics prior to test results

56
Q

Monitoring client condition

A

Therapeutic effect
Predictable side effects
Adverse effects/reactions (serious and unpredictable)
Toxic effects (all drugs are capable - cumulative reactions)

57
Q

Monitoring drug interactions

A

The alteration of action of a drug by:

Other prescribed drugs
OTC drugs
Herbal therapies/natural health products
Food

58
Q

Drug-drug interactions

A

The alteration of a drug by another drug

59
Q

Additive Effect

A

Two drugs with similar actions are given together. The combined effects of the drugs combine and this results in the total effect of both drugs being given

Ex: tylenol and advil

60
Q

Synergistic Effect

A

Occur when the action of one drug enhances the action of another. The combined effects are greater than those achieved if either drug was given alone

BP beta-blocker + calcium channel blocker

Can be dangerous: Alcohol + tylenol = liver damager

61
Q

Antagonistic Effect

A

Occurs when the combination of two drugs results in drug effects that are less effective than if the drugs were given seperately

Ex: antacids + tetracycline

62
Q

Drug incompatibility

A

Occurs when 2 parenteral drugs or solutions are mixed together and the result is a chemical deterioration of one or both drugs

Ex: parenteral furosemide + heparin sodium

63
Q

Adverse Drug Event (ADE). What are the 2 main categories?

A

A broad term for any undesired occurrence involving medications

the 2 most common broad categories are:

Med error
Adverse drug reaction

64
Q

Teratogenic Drug Effect

A

How medications can harm a fetus in utero

65
Q

Mutagenic

A

Alteration of DNA or RNA by a medication

66
Q

Carcinogenic

A

Cancer-causing drugs

67
Q

What is a pharmacotherapeutic evaluation?

A

Reassessing the client condition and therapeutic effectiveness of pharmacotherapy

68
Q

What are the 10 rights of medication administration?

A

Right patient
Right drug
Right dose
Right route/site
Right time/frequency
Right reason
Right education
Right to refuse
Right assessment/evaluation
Right documentation

69
Q

What is the Food and Drugs Act? What is its purpose?

A

The primary piece of legislation governing foods, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices in Ontario

It protects consumers from drugs that are contaminated, adulterated, and unsafe

It addresses drugs that are labelled falsely or have misleading/deceptive labels

70
Q

What is the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act? What is its purpose?

A

Provides the requirements for the control and sale fo narcotics, controlled drugs, and substances of misuse

Makes it illegal to possess, traffic, produce, import, or export controlled substances

71
Q

Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs

A

Drugs that you can purchase at a pharmacy

72
Q

Restricted Access Drug

A

You must ask the pharmacist in order to purchase this drug

Ex: insulin, loperamide

73
Q

Pharmacy Only

A

This type of drug can only be purchased at a pharmacy

Ex: Antihistamines, Ulcer meds

74
Q

General Retail

A

This type of drug can be purchased in general retail and grocery stores

Ex: Tylenol, nicotine gum

75
Q

Criteria for OTC Status

A

Consumer must be able to easily diagnose condition and monitor effectiveness

Drug should have: favourable adverse affect profile, limited drug interaction profile, low misuse potential

Drug should be easy to use and easy to monitor

76
Q

Prescription Drugs

A

Food and Drug Regulations (Schedule F) lists drugs that must be sold by prescription.

Pharmacology (26 decks)

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