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Pharmacology > 2.1 Opioid Analgesics > Flashcards

2.1 Opioid Analgesics Flashcards

1
Q

Analgesics are…

A

Drugs that relieve pain without loss of consciousness or sensation

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2
Q

Mechanism of Action: Agonist

A

Bind to an opioid receptor in the brain to cause an analgesic response

Ex: Morphine sulfate, hydromorphone

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3
Q

Mechanism of action: Partial agonist

A

AKA agonist-antagonist

Binds to a receptor and causes a response that is less than that caused by a full agonist

Ex: pentazocine, talwin

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4
Q

Mechanism of action: Antagonist

A

Reverses the effect of other opioid agents. Binds to receptors and exerts no action but blocks opioid agents from binding
body’s own endorphins

Can be used in response to opioid overdose (naloxone/narcan)

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5
Q

Opioid Analgesics relieve ____ to ____ pain

A

Moderate to severe

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6
Q

T/F opioid analgesics can be combined with anesthetics to maintain balanced anesthesia

A

True

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7
Q

How do opioid analgesics affect the cough centre?

A

They suppress coughing

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8
Q

What effect do opioid analgesics have on the GI system?

A

They are an antidiarrheal

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9
Q

Indications for opioid analgesics

A

Relieves moderate to severe pain

Other uses
Cough centre suppression
Antidiarrheal
Can be combined with anesthetics to maintain balanced anesthesia

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10
Q

T/F Opioid analgesics can be given if the patient has asthma or other respiratory insufficiencies

A

False

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11
Q

Opioid analgesics should not be given if the patient has an ____ intracranial pressure

A

Elevated

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12
Q

T/F opioid analgesics cannot be given during pregnancy

A

True

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13
Q

Contraindications

A

Known drug allergy
Severe asthma or respiratory insufficiency
Elevated intracranial pressure
Pregnancy

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14
Q

T/F Euphoria is a side effect of opioid analgesics

A

True

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15
Q

A side effect is histamine release. What are some signs and symptoms of this?

A

Itching, rash, diaphoresis, flushing

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16
Q

How can opioid analgesics affect the respiratory system?

A

They are CNS depressants, so they can cause respiratory depression

17
Q

What effects can opioid analgesics have on the GI tract

A

Nausea and vomiting
Constipation

18
Q

opioid analgesics can cause urinary ____

A

retention

19
Q

opioid analgesics have pupillary constriction as a side effect. This is known as…

A

Miosis

20
Q

Side effects

A

Euphoria

Histamine release
-itching (pruritus), rash, diaphoresis, flushing

CNS depression
-Respiratory depression

GI tract adverse effects
- N + V, constipation

Urinary retention

Pupillary constriction (miosis)

21
Q

3 Special concerns with opioid use

A

Opioid tolerance
Opioid Physical Dependence
Opioid Psychological Dependence

22
Q

Opioid Tolerance

A

Results from chronic use
Larger doses required to maintain analgesia

23
Q

Opioid physical dependence

A

Physical adaptation to the presence of an opioid

24
Q

Opioid psychological dependence

A

Compulsive use
Craving, need for effects other than pain relief

25
Q

opioid analgesics should be taken per os. This means that…

A

It should be taken with food to minimize gastric upset

26
Q

Nurses should encourage ____ and ____ to minimize constipation

A

fluids and fibre

27
Q

How can nurses help to minimize orthostatic hypotension resulting from the use of opioid analgesics?

A

Slow position changes

28
Q

Nursing implications

A

Per os: taken with food to minimize gastric upset

Safety measures related to sedation (over-sedation)

Encourage fluids and fibre to minimize constipation

Slow position change to minimize orthostatic hypotension

29
Q

Codeine Indications

A

Post-op pain
Chronic pain
Palliative care
Antitussive
Diarrhea

30
Q

Codeine Dose

A

15-60 mg po/SC/IM/IV q4h

Do not exceed 360mg/24h

31
Q

Codeine can be used in conjunction with what drugs?

A

Acetaminophen and caffeine. Caffeine minimizes the codeine effect (depressant and stimulant)

32
Q

How much codeine is in Tylenol 1?

A

8mg

33
Q

How much codeine is in Tylenol 2?

A

15mg

34
Q

How much codeine is in Tylenol 3?

A

30mg

35
Q

How much codeine is in Tylenol 4?

A

60mg

36
Q

Morphine Indications

A

Post-op pain
Chronic pain
Nephrolithiasis
Palliative care
Diarrhea
Chest pain
Adjunct to general
Anesthesia
Antitussive

37
Q

Morphine Dose

A

Oral: 5-200mg depending on frequency and tolerance

SC or IM 10mg/70kg q4h

IV 2.5-15mg/70kg over 4-5 min

38
Q

Nursing Implications post administration

A

Monitor vital signs including pain rating
-contact DR. if significant change

Monitor for respiratory depression
-R>12/m, dyspnea, diminished breath sounds, shallow breathing

Pharmacology (26 decks)

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