B2 - Non-Communicable Diseases

Question 1

What are risk factors?

Answer 1

Things that increase the chances of someone getting a disease
Often aspect of a persons lifestyle, environment and genes.

Question 2

List non-communicable diseases that are caused by several different risk factors interacting with each other. (5)

Answer 2

Cancer
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Some lung diseases
Liver diseases
Some nutrition related diseases (type 2 diabetes)

Question 3

Cancer is a tumour that invades surrounding tissue. How does a tumour form?

Answer 3

If there’s a mutation in the gene that controls cell division, then the cells can grow out of control. The cells keep dividing though mitosis to make more and more cells which form a tumour.

Question 4

“Cancer is a tumour that invades” what?

Answer 4

Surrounding tissue.

Question 5

Lots of things can be known to cause cancer. Give examples. (6)

Answer 5

Poor diet 
High alcohol consumption 
Smoking 
HPV (human papillomavirus)
UV exposure 
Radiations

Question 6

The risk factors combined with what make you more susceptible to cancer?

Answer 6

Inherited genetic variants / mutations.

Question 7

Risk factors are identified by scientists looking for what in data?

Answer 7

Correlation

Question 8

Sometimes a risk factor is linked to another factor and it is this other factor that causes the disease. Give an example (CVD)

Answer 8

A lack of exercise and a high fat diet are heavily linked to increased chance of CVD but they don’t cause it directly
The resulting high blood pressure and high bad cholesterol levels are the cause.

Question 9

Some risk factors can cause a disease. Give an example.

Answer 9

Smoking causes lung disease and lung cancer.

Question 10

List four lifestyle factors that can affect the risk of non-communicable disease.

Answer 10

Exercise
diet
Alcohol
Smoking.

Question 11

How does a lack of exercise increase the risk of CVD?

Answer 11

It increases blood pressure.

Question 12

What is CVD?

Answer 12

Cardiovascular disease.

Question 13

How does exercise make people less likely to suffer from health problems such as obesity and CVD?

Answer 13

It increases the amount of energy used by the body and decreases the amount of stored body fat
It also builds muscle which helps to Boston metabolic rate.
A higher metabolic rate means that energy from food is used more quickly.

Question 14

What is the definition of obesity?

Answer 14

> 20% over the maximum recommend body mass.

Question 15

What does malnourished mean?

Answer 15

People who’s diet is badly out of balance.

Question 16

Eating too much can lead to what?

Answer 16

Obesity

Question 17

Obesity is linked to what? (4)

Answer 17

Type 2 diabetes
High blood pressure
CVD
Some cancers.

Question 18

Too much saturated fat in your diet can increase what?

Answer 18

Blood - cholesterol level

Question 19

Too much LDL cholesterol leads to what?

Answer 19

Fatty deposits on the inside wall of arteries which can lead to Coronary heart disease.

Question 20

What problems can eating too little cause?

Answer 20

Malnutrition, fatigue, poor resistant to infections, some deficiency diseases.

Question 21

What scurvy caused by?

Answer 21

A Lack of vitamin C

Question 22

What are the problems caused by scurvy?

Answer 22

Problems with skin, joints and gums.

Question 23

How can you reduce your risk of getting many non-communicable diseases such as CVD and obesity?

Answer 23

By eating a healthy, balanced diet that is rich in fruit and vegetables.

Question 24

Give two lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of obesity? (2 marks)

Answer 24

A high fat diet (1 mark)
Little exercise (1 mark)

Question 25

Alcohol is poisonous. How does one he body break it down?

Answer 25

Broken down by enzyme in the liver and some of the products are toxic.

Question 26

What is cirrhosis?

Answer 26

If you drink too much over a long period of time then toxic products can cause the death of liver cells forming scar tissue that stops blood reaching the liver.

Question 27

What causes cirrhosis?

Answer 27

Drinking too much over a long period of time.

Question 28

How is drinking too much linked to CVD?

Answer 28

Drinking too much alcohol raises blood pressure which can lead to CVD

Question 29

How has drinking too much alcohol been linked to cancer?

Answer 29

The toxic products damage DNA causing cells to divide faster than normal

Question 30

What cancer have been linked to drinking too much alcohol?

Answer 30

Liver throat bowel mouth

Question 31

Why is smoking adictive?

Answer 31

It contains nicotine, an addictive drug

Question 32

What does burning cigarettes produces? (4)

Answer 32

Carbon monoxide Tar Nicotine Particulates

Question 33

What are some of the illness that smoking can cause? (7)

Answer 33

``` CVD Lung cancer Throat cancer Mouth cancer Oesophageal cancer Lung diseases (chronic brochitis) Can cause damage to unborn infant ```

Question 34

How can smoking cause CVD?

Answer 34

Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells. If the cardiac muscle doesn't reserve enough oxygen it can lead to to a heart attack. Nicotine increases the heart rate. The heart contracts more often increasing blood pressure which leads to an increased risk of CVD.

Question 35

How does smoking cause lung, throat, mouth, Oesophageal cancer?

Answer 35

Tar from cigarette smoke is full of toxic chemicals some of which are carcinogen. Carcinogen can lead to mutations in the DNA which make uncontrolled cell division more likely.

Question 36

How does smoking cause lung disease such as chronic bronchitis?

Answer 36

Cigarette smoke cause inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles which can result in permanent damage.

Question 37

What effect can smoking have when your pregnant?

Answer 37

It can cause lots of health problems for the unborn baby.

Question 38

Where are non-communicable diseases more common?

Answer 38

In more developed countries where people have a higher income than in developing countries however they are becoming more common in developing countries

Question 39

What kind of income are lifestyle trends of higher alcohol consumption?

Answer 39

High income

Question 40

Smoking related deaths are more common where?

Answer 40

Countries with a lower income.

Question 41

How is obesity associated with the lifestyle factor of income?

Answer 41

Higher incomes - people are able to afford lots of high fat foods Lower incomes - people are eating cheaper less healthy foods.

Question 42

What is the biggest cause of death in the UK?

Answer 42

Non-communicable diseases.

Question 43

What are the lifestyle factors that mean people from deprived areas of the U.K. are more likely to have non-communicable diseases?

Answer 43

More likely to smoke, have a poor diet and not take part in exercise and more likely to suffer from alcohol related disorders.

Question 44

What Individual lifestyle choices increase the risk of non-communicable diseases at a local level?

Answer 44

Smoking, drinking, lack of exercise, poor diet

Question 45

Suggest what kind of impact increasing cigarette prices may have on the prevalence of ling cancer at a national level. Explain your answer. (2 marks)

Answer 45

Increasing the price of cigarettes mean less people are able to afford them. (1 mark) Which many lead to the national prevalence of lung cancer (1 mark)