B2 - Non-Communicable Diseases Flashcards
What are risk factors?
Things that increase the chances of someone getting a disease
Often aspect of a persons lifestyle, environment and genes.
List non-communicable diseases that are caused by several different risk factors interacting with each other. (5)
Cancer Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Some lung diseases Liver diseases Some nutrition related diseases (type 2 diabetes)
Cancer is a tumour that invades surrounding tissue. How does a tumour form?
If there’s a mutation in the gene that controls cell division, then the cells can grow out of control. The cells keep dividing though mitosis to make more and more cells which form a tumour.
“Cancer is a tumour that invades” what?
Surrounding tissue.
Lots of things can be known to cause cancer. Give examples. (6)
Poor diet High alcohol consumption Smoking HPV (human papillomavirus) UV exposure Radiations
The risk factors combined with what make you more susceptible to cancer?
Inherited genetic variants / mutations.
Risk factors are identified by scientists looking for what in data?
Correlation
Sometimes a risk factor is linked to another factor and it is this other factor that causes the disease. Give an example (CVD)
A lack of exercise and a high fat diet are heavily linked to increased chance of CVD but they don’t cause it directly
The resulting high blood pressure and high bad cholesterol levels are the cause.
Some risk factors can cause a disease. Give an example.
Smoking causes lung disease and lung cancer.
List four lifestyle factors that can affect the risk of non-communicable disease.
Exercise
diet
Alcohol
Smoking.
How does a lack of exercise increase the risk of CVD?
It increases blood pressure.
What is CVD?
Cardiovascular disease.
How does exercise make people less likely to suffer from health problems such as obesity and CVD?
It increases the amount of energy used by the body and decreases the amount of stored body fat
It also builds muscle which helps to Boston metabolic rate.
A higher metabolic rate means that energy from food is used more quickly.
What is the definition of obesity?
> 20% over the maximum recommend body mass.
What does malnourished mean?
People who’s diet is badly out of balance.
Eating too much can lead to what?
Obesity
Obesity is linked to what? (4)
Type 2 diabetes
High blood pressure
CVD
Some cancers.
Too much saturated fat in your diet can increase what?
Blood - cholesterol level
Too much LDL cholesterol leads to what?
Fatty deposits on the inside wall of arteries which can lead to Coronary heart disease.
What problems can eating too little cause?
Malnutrition, fatigue, poor resistant to infections, some deficiency diseases.
What scurvy caused by?
A Lack of vitamin C
What are the problems caused by scurvy?
Problems with skin, joints and gums.
How can you reduce your risk of getting many non-communicable diseases such as CVD and obesity?
By eating a healthy, balanced diet that is rich in fruit and vegetables.
Give two lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of obesity? (2 marks)
A high fat diet (1 mark) Little exercise (1 mark)
Alcohol is poisonous. How does one he body break it down?
Broken down by enzyme in the liver and some of the products are toxic.
What is cirrhosis?
If you drink too much over a long period of time then toxic products can cause the death of liver cells forming scar tissue that stops blood reaching the liver.
What causes cirrhosis?
Drinking too much over a long period of time.
How is drinking too much linked to CVD?
Drinking too much alcohol raises blood pressure which can lead to CVD
How has drinking too much alcohol been linked to cancer?
The toxic products damage DNA causing cells to divide faster than normal
What cancer have been linked to drinking too much alcohol?
Liver
throat
bowel
mouth
Why is smoking adictive?
It contains nicotine, an addictive drug
What does burning cigarettes produces? (4)
Carbon monoxide
Tar
Nicotine
Particulates
What are some of the illness that smoking can cause? (7)
CVD Lung cancer Throat cancer Mouth cancer Oesophageal cancer Lung diseases (chronic brochitis) Can cause damage to unborn infant
How can smoking cause CVD?
Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells. If the cardiac muscle doesn’t reserve enough oxygen it can lead to to a heart attack.
Nicotine increases the heart rate. The heart contracts more often increasing blood pressure which leads to an increased risk of CVD.
How does smoking cause lung, throat, mouth, Oesophageal cancer?
Tar from cigarette smoke is full of toxic chemicals some of which are carcinogen.
Carcinogen can lead to mutations in the DNA which make uncontrolled cell division more likely.
How does smoking cause lung disease such as chronic bronchitis?
Cigarette smoke cause inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles which can result in permanent damage.
What effect can smoking have when your pregnant?
It can cause lots of health problems for the unborn baby.
Where are non-communicable diseases more common?
In more developed countries where people have a higher income than in developing countries however they are becoming more common in developing countries
What kind of income are lifestyle trends of higher alcohol consumption?
High income
Smoking related deaths are more common where?
Countries with a lower income.
How is obesity associated with the lifestyle factor of income?
Higher incomes - people are able to afford lots of high fat foods
Lower incomes - people are eating cheaper less healthy foods.
What is the biggest cause of death in the UK?
Non-communicable diseases.
What are the lifestyle factors that mean people from deprived areas of the U.K. are more likely to have non-communicable diseases?
More likely to smoke, have a poor diet and not take part in exercise and more likely to suffer from alcohol related disorders.
What Individual lifestyle choices increase the risk of non-communicable diseases at a local level?
Smoking, drinking, lack of exercise, poor diet
Suggest what kind of impact increasing cigarette prices may have on the prevalence of ling cancer at a national level. Explain your answer. (2 marks)
Increasing the price of cigarettes mean less people are able to afford them. (1 mark)
Which many lead to the national prevalence of lung cancer (1 mark)
