B. determine the type of tumor Flashcards
_________ are indicated for tumors pressing on and obstructing the superior vena cava, skeletal metastasis, brain metastasis that cause increased intracranial pressure, and vaginal bleeding
Oncologic emergencies
Withhin Oncologic emergencies treatment fields are typically
simple open fields with no field shaping
Oncologic emergencies treatments are typically
palliative
_____tumors usually do not grow fast and are encapsulated. They are noncancerous and do not spread or metastasize. Closely resemble the tissue of origin
Benign
_____tumors are cancerous and have the ability to spread or metastasize. Do not closely resemble the cells of their origin
Malignant
_______are malignant tumors that occur in epithelial tissues
Carcinomas
______are malignant tumors that do not occur in epithelial tissues
Sarcomas
Tumor _____ is determined by examining the cancer cells under a microscope
grade
Tumor must be _____to determine grade
biopsied
If the tumor cells resemble normal cells, it is ______
well-differentiated
» Less aggressive, less likely to grow and spread
well-differentiated
» Assigned a lower numerical grade
well-differentiated
If the tumor cells do not resemble normal cells, it is _______
undifferentiated or “poorly differentiated”
» More aggressive, more likely to grow and spread » Assigned a higher numerical grade
undifferentiated or “poorly differentiated”
In general, tumors are graded in
number 1-4
____: grade cannot be determined
GX
___: well differentiated, low grade, and tumor cells resemble normal tissues
G1
____: moderately differentiated and intermediate grade
G2
_____: poorly differentiated, high grade, and tumor cells do not resemble normal tissues
G3
___; undifferentiated, high grade, tumors do not resemble normal tissues, tumors grow and spread the fastest
G4
____grading system can be used for breast cancer Grades Gl - G3
Nottingham
_______ explains the size and/or extent of the primary tumor
Stage
> > Determines whether or not the cancer cells have spread throughout the body can be staged clinically or pathologically, or a combination of the two
Stage
______ is an Estimate of the extent of tumor based on physical exams, imaging tests, endoscopic exams, be noted and/or with biopsies
clinical stage (C)
________ is theExtent of tumor is determined after surgery
Pathological stage (P_
The _____staging system is the main staging system used
TNM
TNM staging is maintained by
American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC system) and Union for International Cancer Control (UICC system)
T =
size of the primary tumor and if it has invaded areas
N:
involvement of regional lymph nodes
M:
presence of metastatic disease
What is staging for GYN tumors
FIGO
What is staging for Colorectal cancer
dukes
What is staging for lymphatic
Ann arbor
In ANN arbor Staging
In ANN arbor Staging
In ANN arbor Staging A denotes
patient has no symptoms
In ANN arbor Staging
In ANN arbor Staging
In ANN arbor Staging B denotes
patient has “B” symptoms
In ANN arbor Staging
In ANN arbor Staging
In ANN arbor Staging E denotes
extranodal site involvement
In ANN arbor Staging
In ANN arbor Staging
In ANN arbor Staging S denotes
splenic involvement
_______Level of Invasion is used for melanomas
Clark’s
_____Depth of Invasion is also used for melanomas
Breslow’s
