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Anatomy > Anatomy - Week 5 PP > Flashcards

Anatomy - Week 5 PP Flashcards

1
Q

What is embryology?

A

Study of the embryo
◦ “Embryo-” relates to the early development stages of an animal
◦ “-ology” a science or branch of knowledge

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2
Q
  • Understanding normal development allows us to:
A

Differentiate normal vs. abnormal appearances
◦ Plan for the best possible treatment(s)

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3
Q

development disturbances / malformations

A

This information also helps in the appreciation of any developmental considerations that may occur in these structures, especially if any disturbances occur.
* These developmental disturbances can include congenital malformations, or defects, which are evident at birth.
* Malformations can be due to:
◦ genetic factors such as chromosome abnormalities
◦ or environmental agents and factors.
* These environmental agents and factors can include infections, drugs, and radiation and are considered teratogens

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4
Q

Embryo vs Fetus

A

Similarities - developing young of an animal in womb

Differences - embryo is in the first 2-8 weeks of development - structures are not easily recognizable

Fetus is the development period after the embryo stage - structures are more easily recognizable

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5
Q

Embryonic Germ Layers - in week 3

A

Endoderm - inside tube, primitive gut

Mesoderm - middle

Ectoderm - outside tube

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6
Q

Endoderm

A

the most internal germ layer, forms
the lining of the stomach, pharynx and other internal organs

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7
Q

Mesoderm

A

the middle germ layer, forms muscle, the skeletal system, the circulatory system, and the dentin, pulp and cementum

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8
Q

Ectoderm

A

the most exterior germ layer, forms
skin, lining of oral cavity, tooth enamel, the nervous system, and other external tissues

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9
Q

Opening at both ends of the tubes…

A
  1. Mouth - cephalic/head
  2. Anus - caudal/tail
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10
Q

Overview of Facial Development

A
  • During the 4th week facial development starts
  • Stomodeum (primitive mouth)
  • The developing brain, face, and heart are noted
  • Facial development is completed in the 8th week

All three embryonic layers are involved in facial development: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

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11
Q

Stomodeum

A

a shallow depression in the embryonic surface ectoderm at the cephalic end before the fourth week, this forms the primitive mouth

◦ At this time, the stomodeum is limited in depth by the oropharyngeal membrane: the membrane which separates the stomodeum from the primitive pharynx

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12
Q

Primitive Pharynx

A

is the primitive throat

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13
Q

Foregut

A

is the endodermal canal which gives rise to the pharynx, tongue, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, and thyroid

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14
Q

Frontal Process

A

-Above stomodeum
◦ Future forehead, nasal septum, and anterior roof of mouth

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15
Q

1st Branchial Arch

A

Below the stomodeum
◦ Future lower lip, lower face and mandible

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16
Q

Mandibular Process

A

Develops from the first branchial arch
* Gives rise to the lower face, including the lower lip
* The mandibular arch will also give rise not only to the mandible, but also its mandibular teeth and associated tissues

17
Q

Maxillary Processes

A
  • During the fourth week an adjacent swelling forms from increased growth of the mandibular arch on each side of the stomodeum - the maxillary process * Each maxillary process will grow superiorly and anteriorly around the stomodeum

“forms the midface: sides of the upper lip, cheeks, and posterior part of the maxilla/palate with its canines, certain posterior teeth, and associated tissues. This tissue also forms the zygomatic bones and parts of the temporal bones

18
Q

Frontonasal Processes

A
  • Upper face
    ◦ Forehead
    ◦ Bridge of the nose
    ◦ Primary palate (anterior portion)
    ◦ Nasal septum
    ◦ All structures associated with the medial nasal processes
19
Q

Upper face formation: nasal region

A
  • During the fourth week, the tissue around the nasal placodes on the frontonasal process undergoes growth, thus starting the development of the nasal region and the nose
  • The placodes then become
    submerged, forming a depression in the center of each placode, the nasal pits
20
Q

Nasal Pits

A
  • Deepening of the nasal pits produces a nasal sac that grows internally toward the developing brain.
  • The middle part of the tissue growing around the nasal placodes appears as two crescent-shaped
    swellings located between the nasal pits.
  • These are the medial nasal processes. - Form apex of nose, philtrum

On the outer part of the nasal pits are two other crescent-shaped swellings, the lateral nasal processes. - Form ala and nares

21
Q

Nasal Septum

A

A separation of the two nasal cavities
* Downward extension of median nasal process (intermaxillary segament) towards center of hard palate forms the nasal septum

22
Q

Palate formation - 3 processes coming together

A
  • Premaxilla
    ◦ Forms from intermaxillary segment (median nasal process)
    ◦ Anterior portion of palate
    ◦ Forms between 5-6th week
  • Lateral Palatine Process (secondary palate)
    ◦ Forms from maxillary process which formed from the 1st branchial arch (palatal shelves)
    ◦ Forms sides of the hard palate
    ◦ 6th to 12th week

Premaxilla + lateral palatine processes fuse in aY-shape pattern to form the palate

23
Q

When does anterior portion of palate start forming??

A

forms between 5th - 6th week

24
Q

When does the palate finish formation?

A

the 12th week

25
Q

Upper & Lower Lip Formation

A
  • During the sixth week, the upper lip is formed when each maxillary process fuses with each medial nasal process on both sides of the
    stomodeum
  • the maxillary processes contribute to the sides of the upper lip, and the two medial nasal processes contribute to the philtrum
  • The maxillary processes on each side of the developing face partially fuse with the mandibular arch on each side to create each labial commissure
26
Q

Cleft Lip

A

Unfused area of the upper lip
◦ Fusion of the upper lip should occur around week 6
◦ Cause: failure to fuse one or both
maxillary processes with median nasal process
◦ Usually unilateral
◦ Appearance: absence of center and adjacent lip
-Nose often mishaped on affected side

  • can be unilateral cleft lip or bilateral cleft lip
27
Q

Cleft Palate

A
  • Unfused areas of a palate
    ◦ Fusion should occur between week 8-12
    ◦ Causes
    -Improper or complete failure to
    fuse premaxillary area with lateral
    palatine processes
28
Q

Neck development

A
  • The development of the neck parallels the development of the face in time span, beginning
    during the fourth week of prenatal development, within the embryonic period, and completed during
    the fetal period.
  • The neck and its associated tissues develop from the primitive pharynx and the 4 lower branchial arches.
29
Q

Tongue formation

A

Formed from the first 4 branchial arches

body of tongue - 1st arch
base - 2nd, 3rd, and 4th brachial arches

30
Q

Summary of Development - Frontal Process

A

Median Nasal Process
-Center of nose
-Philtrum

  • Intermaxillary segment
    -Nasal Septum
  • Premaxilla

Lateral Nasal Processes
- Sides of nose

31
Q

Summary of Development - Branchial Arches

A
  • Branchial Arch 1
  • Mandibular Process
    -Lower jaw
    -Lower face
    -Body of tongue
  • Maxillary Process
    -Maxilla
  • Lateral palatine processes
    -Sides of cheek
  • Branchial Arches 2.3.4
  • Base of the tongue
32
Q

Epithelial Rests

A

Misplaced groups of epithelial cells
◦ Cells from ectoderm germ layer
◦ Found between embryonic processes fusing together
◦ Causes formation of cysts
§ Group of epithelial cells divide and form a sac
§ Cysts can grow and distort tissues including teeth

33
Q

Odontoma

A

An anomaly or tumor relating to teeth
◦ Benign
◦ Made up of all or some of the tissues that develop into teeth
◦ Two general types
§Compound (resembles a tooth)
§Complex (does not resemble a normal tooth)

34
Q

Brachial Cleft Cyst

A

Congenital epithelial cysts, which arise on the lateral part of the neck
* A failure of the destruction of the
second branchial cleft in embryonic development

35
Q

Nasolabial Cyst - soft tissue

A

A cyst in soft tissue where the upper lip meets the nasal ala.

Benin

Anatomy (34 decks)

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