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Anatomy > Anatomy - Outcome 10 > Flashcards

Anatomy - Outcome 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is osteology?

A

The study of bones

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2
Q

Functions of the bones of the skull

A

The bones of the skull surround the brain and protect it from injury

-They also form the facial features and participate in the growth process of the jaws, which in turn, governs the relationship between the teeth and jaws

-They also provide points of attachment and support for the muscles of mastication and the muscles for head movement

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3
Q

The skull is divided into 2 parts

A
  1. cranium (8 bones)
  2. facial (14 bones)
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4
Q

How many bones in the skull total?

A

Excluding the three small ossicles (bones in each ear that help us to hear), there are 22 bones in the skull. Some of these are paired bones and some of these are single bones

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5
Q

The Hyoid Bone - importance and function

A

The hyoid bone, although not a bone of the skull, is included in our discussion because it plays an important role in conjunction with the structures of the mouth (swallowing, speaking)

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6
Q

Articulate meaning

A

to unite by joints, to join

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7
Q

Foramen meaning

A

A short, tube like opening through the bone

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8
Q

Joint meaning

A

the union of 2 or more bones of the body - primary function is to provide movement and flexibility

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9
Q

Process meaning

A

an extension of bone

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10
Q

Suture meaning

A

firm joining of two or more bones

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11
Q

The Frontal Bone

A

-means forehead
-one bone
-located from the eyes to the top of the skull
-forms the forehead, roof the nasal cavity, and orbits (eye sockets)

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12
Q

The Parietal Bone

A

-means “wall”
-paired bone
-forms the sides and roof ofthe cranium
-each bone is four-sided in shape and the external surface is convex
-joined at the sagittal suture in the mid-line
-line of articulation between the frontal and parietal bones is the coronal suture

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13
Q

The Occipital Bone

A

-means “back of skull”
-one bone
-forms the back and the base of the cranium
-contains a large opening - foramen magnum - through which the spinal cord passes

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14
Q

The Temporal Bone

A

-means “temple”
-paired bones
-forms the sides and base of the cranium
-each encloses an ear and has a depression - glenoid fossa - into which the lower jaw fits
-the glenoid fossa can also be called the mandibular fossa
-the mastoid process is a bony projection on the temporal bone just behind the ear
-the styloid proccess is a bony projection below the ear

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15
Q

The Sphenoid Bone

A

-means “wedge”
-one bone
-the spenoid bone is composed of a body, great and lesser wings, and paired pterygoid processes
-it forms the anterior portion of the base of the skull
-looks like a bat with its wing spread out
-extends the full width of the skull (inferior view)
-two pairs of muscles of mastication originate from the pterygoid processes

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16
Q

The Ethmoid Bone

A

-means “sieve”
-one bone
-primarily located in the facial area
-located between the orbits and is the main supporting structure of the nasal cavity
-also contributes to the formation of the orbits (sockets)

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17
Q

The Maxilla Bone

A

-means “upper jaw”
-paired bones

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18
Q

The Maxilla - 4 Processes

A
  1. the frontal process - is the projection of the maxilla that articulates with the frontal bone
  2. the zygomatic process - is the projection of the maxilla that articulates with the zygomatic bone
  3. the alveolar process - is the ridge of bone where the sockets of the upper teeth are located
  4. the horizontal palatine process - forms most of the hard palate
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19
Q

The Maxillary Tuberosity

A

Is the buldging of bone behind the third molars where blood vessels and nerves enter the bone to supply the posterior teeth. It is also where much of the growth of the maxilla takes place

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20
Q

The Hamular Process

A

Appears as a vertical projection distal to the maxillary tuberosity

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21
Q

The Canine Eminence

A

Is an extra bulk of bone on the labial aspect of the maxilla, overlying the roots of the cuspids

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22
Q

The Zygomatic Bone

A

-paired bones
-also called malar bones
-commonly referred to as “cheekbones”
-forms the prominence of the cheeks and part of the outer wall and floor of the orbits
-the temporal process of the zygomaticc bone projects backward and articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch

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23
Q

The Palatine Bone

A

-paired bones
-L-shaped bone
-forms the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and a small portion of the floors of the orbits

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24
Q

The Nasal Bone

A

-paired bones
-small, oblong bones that meet to form the bridge of the nose

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25
Q

The Lacrimal Bone

A

-paired bones
-thin bones resembling a fingernail in size and shape
-smallest bones of the face
-located posterior and lateral to the nasal bones in the medial wall of the orbit (corner of the eye)
-also contain the lacrimal fossae through which the tear ducts pass into the nasal cavity

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26
Q

Inferior Nasal Conchae

A

-paired bones
-scoll-like bones that form part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and project into the nasal cavity
-allow for the circulation and filtration of air before it passes into the lungs
-they are separate bones while the middle and superior nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid bone

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27
Q

The Vomer

A

-single bone
-a roughly triangular bone that forms the inferior and posterior part of the nasal septum
-nasal-septum - tissue extending between the ehtmoid and vomer bones

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28
Q

The Mandible Bone

A

-single bone
-lower jaw
-largest, strongest facial bone
-only moveable skull bone

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29
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

-six bones
-tiny, highly specialized bones of the inner ear

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30
Q

The Hyoid Bone

A

-the hyoid bone is suspended in the neck and is a point of attachment for the neck and tongue muscles.

  • it is horshoe-shaped and does not articulate with other bones
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31
Q

The Hard Palate is formed by?

A

The hard palate is formed by the junction of the palatine process of the maxilla and the palatine bone

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32
Q

The right and left haves of the hard palate is joined by..

A

The right and left halves are joined at the mid-line by the median palatine suture

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33
Q

The palatine bones articulate with…

A

the palatine bones articulate with the palatine process of the maxilla at the transverse palatine suture

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34
Q

The incisive foramen is..

A

The incisive foramen, located in the mid-line, just behind the upper central insisors, is the opening for the nasopalatine nerve to innervate the hard palate in the anterior region

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35
Q

The Greater palatine foramen is…

A

-located in the palatine bone, is a large opening for the greater palatine nerve and artery

36
Q

The lesser palatine foramen…

A
  • located in the palatine bone, is posterior to the greater palatine foramen, opening within the bone to allow the lesser palatine nerve and artery to pass
37
Q

The Mandible - Symphysis

A

The mandible develops as two bones but early in life, it ossifies into a single bone. The point of junction, usually considered from cuspid to cuspid, is called the symphysis. This symphysis in the anterior portion of the mandible has a prominent bulging surface – the mental protuberance – commonly called “the chin”.

38
Q

Just behind the palatine foramina on each side is the…

A

the hamular process

39
Q

The mandible is a single bone composed of three parts:

A

The horizontal body, with the alveolar process on top of it, and the vertical portion of the bone known as the ramus

40
Q

The area of the mandible where the body meets the ascending ramus is called…

A

is caled the angle of the mandible.

41
Q

The edge of the mandible is called..

A

is called the border

42
Q

The ramus ofthe mandible has __ processes.. separated by…

A

The ramus of mandible has 2 processes.. the coronoid process & the condyloid process

separated by a notch called the sigmoid, coronoid, or mandibular notch

43
Q

The most anterior process of the ramus is callled..

A

the most anterior process is known as the coronoid process

44
Q

The posterior process of the ramus is known as…

A

is known as the condyloid process, or more commonly, the condyle

45
Q

Why processes of the ramus are important?

A

Very imporant because muscles involved in the movement of the mandible are attached here

46
Q

The condyle articulates with…

A

the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

47
Q

What does the temporomandibular joint allow for?

A

The TMJ allos for movevement of the lower jaw

48
Q

Lateral (External) Landmarks of the Mandible

A
  • just posterior to the mental protuberance, we find the mental foramen, from which the blood vessels and nerves for the lower lip extend
49
Q

The anterior border of the ramus ends in the…

A

external oblique line

50
Q

Medial (internal) Landmarks of the Mandible

A

Midway up the ramus is the mandibular foramen, where nerves and blood vessels for the lower teeth and lip enter the mandible

Just in front of the foramen and running forward and downward is the mylohyoid line

51
Q

Posterior landmarks of the Mandible

A

Right at the mid-line are two small grouped projections, the genial tubercles for muscle attachment

52
Q

The Paranasal Sinuses

A

The paranasal sinuses are air-containing spaces within the bones imediately surrounding the nasal cavity

53
Q

The paired sinuses include:

A

-maxillary
-frontal
-sphenoid
-ethmoid

54
Q

The Maxillary Sinuses

A
  • are the largest of the sinuses and are located in the maxilla.
  • they are in close proximity to the maxillary posterior teeth
55
Q

The Frontal Sinuses

A

-are located in the frontal bone, superior and medial to the orbit

56
Q

The Ethmoid Air Cells

A
  • are numerous, irregullary shaped air spaces, formed by parts of the ethmoid bone
57
Q

The Sphenoid Sinus

A
  • is located in the sphenoid bone, behind the eye
58
Q

The function of the paranasal sinus is to..

A

-lighten the bones of the skull
-to provide mucous for the nasal cavity
-to act as resonant chambers for the production of sound

59
Q

The Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) receive its name from…

A
  • the two bones that enter into its formation; it is the articulation between the mandibular condyle and the temporal bone of the cranial base
  • it is a synovial joint and is freely moveable
60
Q

The articulating surfaces of the TMJ are covered with..

A

Firbrocartilage and interposed by an articular disc or meniscus

61
Q

What does the articular disc/meniscus do?

A

This disc divides the joint space into separate superior and inferior compartments

62
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ?

A

The TMJ is a bilateral joint; since the mandible is fused at the symphysis, the left and right joints are interrelated and function as a single unit

63
Q

The condyle articulates with..

A

The condyle articulates with the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint

64
Q

What does the TMJ allow for?

A

The TMJ allows for movevement of the lower jaw

65
Q

Structure of the TMJ - Temporal Bone

A

-articular eminence
-mandibular (glenoid) fossa
-posterior tubercle

66
Q

Structure of the TMJ - Mandible

A

-condloid process (condyle)

The condyle of the mandible articulates with the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone. The condyle and the glenoid fossa and the articular eminence do not actually touch but are separated by the articular disc or meniscus.

67
Q

Structure of the TMJ - Articular Disc (Meniscus)

A
  • a small pad of dense fibrous tissue, biconcave in shape, thinnest in the middle, thickest at the ends
    -avascular
    -generally without innervation
    -firmly attached to the condylar poles
    -posteriorly, it is continuous with the retrodiscal ligament, which allows the meniscus to freely move anteriorly
    -attached anteromedially to the lateral pterygoid muscle (fibers penetrate the capsule and insert into the disc)
    -meniscus and its attachments dived the TMJ into upper and lower compartments (joint spaces)
68
Q

Structure of the TMJ - Synovial Cavities

A

-located above and below the articular disc; the superior joint space is the larger of the two
-small, sac like compartments
-the tissue lining these cavities secretes a few drops of lubricating liquid called synovial fluid which provies nourishment and allows the surfaces to rube over one another without irritation

69
Q

Strucure of the TMJ - Capsule

A

-the entire joint is surrounded and enclosed by a thick, fibrous capsule
- the disc and capsule are fused anteriorly and some fibers of the lateral pterygoid muscle insert into the disc
-on each side, the capsule is reinforced, and this thickened are is known as the temporomandibular ligament
-the ligament prevents the capsule from being displaced too far inferiorly and posteriorly and provides some resistance to lateral displacement

70
Q

Structure of the TMJ - Retrodiscal Pad

A

-Posteriorly, the disc and capsule are not directly attached but are connected by means of a pad of loose connective tissu
-an elastic lamina (upper) lies above the retrodiscal pad and inserts into the TMJ capsule where it attaches to the temporal bone
-running from the posterior lower border of the disc is a collagenous lamina that lies below the retrodiscal pad and attaches to the posterior neck of the condyle where the capsule attaches to it
-retrodiscal pad allows for anterior movement of the join

71
Q

During normal functioning, the condyle and the meniscus can be considered to move as…

A

as a unit

72
Q

During the initial first few millimeters of mandibular opening, the muscles of mastication and the syprahyoid produce a….

A

rotational (hinge) movement of the condylar head. This rotation takes place in the lower joint space with the meniscus remaining in a relatively static position

73
Q

As the mandible opens further the condyle-meniscus unit….

A

GLIDES forward under the articulating eminence. The upper joint space allows for this gliding movent

74
Q

In the proper “resting” position of mandible…

A

the mandible should be with lips in light contact or slightly apart while the opposing teeth are separated. All jaw muscles are at rest from function and the mandible is passively suspended against gravity.

75
Q

If the “rest” posisition of the mandible is eliminated…

A

If the “rest” posisition is eliminated, tension is placed on the muslces and stress on the teeth and supporting structures

76
Q

The most common cause of pain in the TMJ region or mandibular dysfunction is..

A

the most common causes are muscular disorders (myofascial pain and dysfunction) and trauma to joint structures

77
Q

The etiology of TMJ disorders is…

A

Is multifactorial and may require a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. Contributing factors may include genetic factors, developmental disorders, physiologic conditions, pahtologic conditions, environmental factors, behavioural responses, trauma, malocclusion, arthritis, habits, overstretching of muscles, bruxism, stress and tension

78
Q

Symptoms which point to possible TMJ complications:

A

-poor posture
-headaches
-earaches/stuffiness
-neck pain/stiffness
-shoulder pain
-limited opening
-jaw joint pain
-eye pain (no infection)
-muscle spasms
-facial pain
-pain/difficulty in opening
muscle tenderness
-clicking, popping, jaw locking
-jaw deviation
-inability to open mouth smoothly

79
Q

Treatments of TMJ disorders..

A

Numerous treatments are available including psychological counseling, soft diet, cervical pillow, analgesics, prosthodontics and restorative procedures, occlusal adjustments, appliances, orthodontic procedures, orthognathic surgery, biofeedback and physical therapy

80
Q

Referred Pain of the TMJ

A

If radiographic studies show a normal TMJ and there is no pain on palpation of the area, one might consider the possibility of referred pain . This is a condition in which pain that seems to be coming from the TMJ is actually coming from another part of the body (neck muscles, muscles of mastication). Many times, muscle relaxants or physical therapy allow these muscles to relax and the pain disappears

81
Q

TMJ Sounds

A

Many patients complain of popping, clicking, or grinding in the joint but have no pain. These noises may occur when the disc is pulled too far forward in the opening movement. Many times, these problems can be treated with ultrasound, physical therapy or splints. Some patients report a grinding sensation in the TMJ. Some authorities feel this is caused by excessive wear of the disc in the joint so that there is no longer a smooth gliding movement within the synovial cavity

82
Q

Internal Derangment of TMJ

A

An internal derangement occurs when the disc becomes stuck or displaced. As the condyle rotates and translates forward down the slope of the articular eminence, the disc should stay between these bones. If it becomes displaced or suck, sounds of crepitus (crunching) may result

83
Q

TMJ Disorders - Subluxation

A

A patient may open too wide and not be able to close again. This happens when the condyle glides too far forward and moves too far anterior to the height of the articular eminence. When the patient tries to close the mouth, the condyle cannot voluntarily move backward

Remedy: The Dentist places thumbs on occlusal surfaces of mandibular teeth (index fingers beneath the border of the mandible) and pushes downward while at the same time guiding the jaw slowly back into its posterior position

84
Q

TMJ Disorders - Bruxium

A

Many people grind their teeth. This is called bruxism. This results in excessive wearing down (attrition) of the teeth and a tired, painful TMJ

Remedy: Plastic night guard (splint), tranquilizers, stress management

85
Q

TMJ Disorders - Arthritis

A

Inflammation of the joint, arthritis may result from wear and tear within the joint or as a consequence of systemic disease such as rheumatoid arthritis

Remedy: Cortisone may be used to alleviate this pain.

86
Q
A

Anatomy (29 decks)

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