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Anatomy > Anatomy - Week 10 PP > Flashcards

Anatomy - Week 10 PP Flashcards

1
Q

Osteology

A

-The study of bones
-Bones cover and protect the internal structures
-Bones serve as landmarks for us

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2
Q

Skeletal Terminoloy

A

Articulation - is an area of the skeleton where the bones are joined to eachother. They can be either movable or immovable (joined together)

Sutures - appear on the skulls as “cracks”. Firm joining of two or more bones (where two bones are coming together - wiggly look)

Joint - is the moveable junction of two or more bones (TMJ is an example, knee, elbow)

Process - is an extension of a bone

Fossa - is a depression in a bony surface, a place for a joint or muscle attachment to be located

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3
Q

Bony Openings

A
  • The cranium has a number of holes called foramina (singular, foramen).
    ◦ Major blood vessels supply the brain with blood through foramina into the cranium
  • Meatus: canal-like opening into a bone from outside of the body [external] as in the opening to the ear
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4
Q

Foramina

A
  • Mental Foramen
    -Foramen Magnum - largest hole in skull
    -Supraorbital
    -Infraorbital Foramen
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5
Q

Cranium has a total of 8 bones..

A

◦ Frontal: Single
◦ Parietal: Paired
◦ Occipital: Single
◦ Temporal: Paired
◦ Sphenoid: Single
◦ Ethmoid: Single

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6
Q

How many facial bones?

A

14 facial bones

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7
Q

How many bones in the skull total? (excluding ossicles in the inner ear)

A

22 bones in total

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8
Q

Frontal Bone - Single

A
  • Forms the forehead, part of the floor of the cranium and most of the roof of the orbits
  • Contains the two frontal sinuses
  • The frontal bone protects the frontal lobe of the brain, which is largely involved with motor and control functions of the body
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9
Q

Parietal Bones

A
  • Paired
    -Forms most of the roof and the upper sides of the cranium
    -Joined by the sagittal suture at the midline of the skull
    -The suture between the frontal bone and the parietal bones, is the coronal sture
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10
Q

Occipital Bone - Single

A

-Forms the back and base of the cranium
-Joins the parietal bones at the lambdoidal suture
-The spinal cord passes through the foramen magnum of this bone, to join with the brain

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11
Q

Temporal Bones - Paired

A

Paired (2)
-Form the sides and base of cranium
-Enclose the ear and contain the external auditory meatus (bony passage of the outer ear)
* Extend toward the zygomatic bone (check bones)
* Have a depression, called the glenoid fossa into which the lower jaw articulates

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12
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A

-Forms the anterior portion of the base of the skull
-It articulates with the temporal bones and the frontal bone to form the back of the eye orbit

Greater Wing - larger outer wings
Lesser wings - smaller & higher

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13
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A

-Forms part of the floor of the cranium, the orbit, and the nasal cavity

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14
Q

Facial Bones - 14 in total

A
  • Maxilla (paired)
  • Zygomatic (paired)
  • Palatine (paired)
  • Nasal (paired)
  • Lacrimal (paired)
  • Inferior nasal conchae (paired)
  • Vomer (single)
  • Mandible (single)
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15
Q

Maxilla

A

-Forms the upper jaw and part of the hard palate
-The two bones are joined together by the maxillary suture at the midline
-Contain the maxillary sinuses
-Contains the maxillary tuberosity where the blood vessels and nerves enter This is also where much of the growth of the maxilla takes place

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16
Q

Zygomatic Bones

A
  • Also called the Malar bones
  • Forms the prominence of the cheek, distal walls and floor of the orbit * Rest on the maxillary bones
  • There is a temporal process of the Zygomatic bone (that projects backwards) articulates with the Zygomatic process of the temporal bone – This forms the Zygomatic arch
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17
Q

Palatine Bones

A

Made up of a horizontal plate (hard palate) and a vertical plate
* Horizontal plate – posterior portion
* Vertical plate – lateral walls of the nasal cavity
* It is joined midsagittally at the median palatine suture. This is covered by the tissue of the palatine raphae

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18
Q

The Nasal Bones

A

-Two bones that are joined
-Articulate with the Frontal Bone to make up a small portion of the nasal septum

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19
Q

Lacrimal Bones

A
  • Paired bones found at the inner angle of the eye
    -resemble a fingernail
    -smallest bones of the face
    -located posterior and laterla to the naasal bone
    -Contain the lacrimal duct, where tears pass into the nasal cavity and out to the surface
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20
Q

Nasal Conchae

A

3 TYPES
-They are formed from the Ethmoid Bone
-The superior and middle nasal concae are extensions of the ethmoid
-The inferior is a separate bone
-extend ineward from the maxilla
-allow for circulation and filtration of air before it goes to the lungs

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21
Q

Vomer

A

-Single Bone
-Triangular shaped, it forms the inferior and posterior part of the nasal septum

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22
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

-Does not articulate with any other bones
-It is suspended in the neck and is an attachment point for neck and tongue muscles
-it is horshoe shaped

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23
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

-Composed of six main bones
-They are tiny, highly specialized bones of the inner ear
-There are three types per side:

  1. Stapes - stirrup
  2. Incus - anvil
  3. Malleus - hammer
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24
Q

The Hard Palate

A

-is composed of the palatine process of the maxilla and the palatine bones
-The right and left sides are joined by the median palatine suture
-Incisive foramen is located at the mid-line, just behind the upper central insisors
-Greater Palatine foramen is located in the palatine bone

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25
Q

Mandible

A

-Single bone
-Forms the lower jaw
-is the movable bone of the skull
-The alveolar process of the mandible supports the teeth in the mandiblar arch

  • it is composed of three parts:
    1. Body
    2. Alveolar Process
    3. Ramus
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26
Q

Parasnasal Sinuses

A
  • The maxillary sinuses are the largest of the paranasal sinuses
    -The frontal sinuses are located within the forehead, just above both eyes
    -the ethmoid sinuses are irregulary shaped air cells seprated from the orbital cavity by a very thin layer of bone
    -the sphenoid sinuses are located close to the optic nerves, where an infection may damage vision
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27
Q

Functions of th sinuses

A
  1. Lighten the skull bones
  2. Act as sound resonators
  3. Provide mucus for the nasal cavity
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28
Q

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

A
  • Is a joint on each side of the head that allows for movement of the mandible for speech and mastication

3 bony parts
-Glenoid fossa of the temporal bone
-Articular eminence of the temporal bone
-Condyloid process of the mandible

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29
Q

Capsular Ligament

A

-a fibrous joint capsule completely encloses the TJ
-The capsule wraps around the margin of the temporal bone’s articular eminence and articular fossa superiorly
-Inferiorly, the capsule wraps around the circumference of the mandibular clondyle’s neck

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30
Q

Articular Space

A

-The area between the capsular ligament and the surfaces of the glenoid fossa and condyle
-Articular disc (meniscus) is a cushion of dense, specialized connective tissue that divies the articular spce into upper and lower compartments

-These compartments are filled with synovial fluid, which helps lubricate the joint and fills the synovial cavities

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31
Q

Jaw Movement of the TMJ

A

-Hing Action
*The first phase of the mouth opening
*Only the lower comartment of the joint is used

-Gliding movement
*Allows the lower jaw to move forward or backward
*it involves both the lower and upper compartments of the joint
*The condyle articular disc “glide” forwrad and downward along the articular eminence

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32
Q

Gliding Movement

A

Protrusion is the forward movement of the mandible
* The reversal of this movement is the backward movement of the mandible, called retrusion
* Lateral movement of the mandible occurs when the internal and external pterygoid muscles on the same side of the face contract together

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33
Q

Rest Position of the TMJ

A
  • Elimination of muscle tension and rest of the TMJ is essential throughout the day
  • Clenching and grinding [bruxism] contribute to the tension and eventually lead to TMJ and muscle discomfort
  • The ‘rest’ position of the TMJ is achieved with lips together, but teeth slightly apart – carrying the TMJ like this whenever possible will reduce tension and discomfort
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34
Q

Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD)

A

Etiology
*Trauma
*Genetic Factors
*Developmental Disorders
*Behavioural Stresses
*Para-Functional habits
*Malocclusion
*Arthritis

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35
Q

Signs and Symptoms of TMD

A

-Pain
-Stiffness
-TMJ sounds (clicking/popping)
-Internal Disc derangment
-Subluxation (locking open)
-Limitation of movement (trismus)
Malocclusion (Shift in the way the teeth align)

*No solution to TMJ disorders - but can provide “help”
-Patient education
-CBT
-Physical therapy
-Medication - antidepressant, muscle relaxants
-Muscular Therapy

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36
Q

Muscles of the Head And Neck - why is it imortant to know?

A
  • To perform a thorough patient examination, it is necessary to know the location and action of many muscles of the head and neck
  • Malfunctions of muscles may be involved in malocclusions (improper bite), TMJ disorder, and even the spread of dental infections
37
Q

Mastication definition

A

act of chewing/grinding

38
Q

Elevation definition

A

raising of the mandible (closing the mouth)

39
Q

Protrusion defintion

A

the forward movement of the mandible

40
Q

Retrusion definition

A

the process of moving the mandible backwards

41
Q

Depression definition

A

the lowering of the mandible

42
Q

Lateral excursion definition

A

the sideways movement

43
Q

Origin definition

A

A site from which something arises, the beginning

44
Q

Insertion definition

A

A site in which something inserts, the end

45
Q

Muscles of Mastication

A

Accomplish the movements of the jaw, opening of the mouth and depression of the mandible

-Masseter
-Temporal
-Lateral (external) pterygoid
-Medial (internal) pterygoid

46
Q

Muscles of Mastication - Masseter

A

Raises the mandible and closes the jaw

47
Q

Muscles of Mastication - Temporal

A

Raises the mandible and closes the jaw

48
Q

Muscles of Mastication - Medial (internal) pterygoid

A

Closes the jaw, pulls the mandible to one side

49
Q

Muscles of Mastication - Lateral (external) pterygoid

A

Depresses the mandible to open the jaw

50
Q

Muscles of Mastication: Temporal Muscle Origin & Insertion

A

Origin -Temporal fossa of temporal bone

Insertion - Coronoid process and anterior border of mandibular ramus

51
Q

Muscles of Mastication: Masseter Muscle Orgin & Insertion

A

Origin - Superficial part: lower border of zygomatic arch
Deep part: posterior and medial side of zygomatic arch

Insetion - Superficial part: angle and lower lateral side of mandibular ramus Deep part: upper lateral ramus and mandibular coronoid process

52
Q

Muscles of Mastication: Internal (medial) pterygoid Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone, palatine bone, and tuberosity of maxillary bone

Insertion - Into inner (medial) surface of ramus and angle of mandible

53
Q

Muscles of Mastication: External (lateral) pterygoid Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Originates from two headsl upper head originates from greater wing of sphenoid bone

Insertion - Into neck of condyle of mandible and into articular disc and capsular ligament of TMJ

54
Q

Hyoid Muscles - Floor of the Mouth

A

-Are the muscles that accomplish the opening of the mouth

  • THey are associated with the hyoid bone found beneath the mandible

-Divided into two groups:
1. Suprahyoid (above)
2. Infrahyoid (below)

55
Q

Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth

A
  1. Digastric
  2. Mylohyoid
  3. Stylohyoid
  4. Geniohyoid
56
Q

Suprahyoid Muscles - Digastric

A

Elevation of the hyoid bone, as well as
depression of the mandible

◦ Anterior Digastric
-Posterior Digastric

57
Q

Suprahyoid Muscles - Stylohyoid

A

Assists in swalling by raising the hyoid bone

58
Q

Suprahyoid Muscles - Mylohyoid

A

Forms the floor of the mouth (raises the tongue and dpresses the lower jaw)

59
Q

Suprahyoid Muscles - Geniohyoid

A

pulls the tounge and hyoid bone forward

60
Q

Infrahyoid Muscles

A
  • Omohyoid Muscle*
  • Sternohyoid Muscle*
  • Thyrohyoid Muscle - depress the hyoid bone
  • Sternothyroid Muscle - depresses the thyroid cartilage.
61
Q

Muscles of Facial Expressions

A

-Usually symmetrical -
-Originate in Bone and insert on skin
-Loss of symmetry is an early sign of injury to the facial nerve on one side
-Some are superficial and some are deep
-Usually function as a group

62
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression: Orbicularis Oris

A

Closes and puckers lips -

63
Q

Muscles of Facial Expressions: Buccinator

A

-Compresses the cheeks against the teeth and retracts the angle of the mouth

64
Q

Muscles of Facial Expressions: Mentalis

A

Raisies and wrinkles the skin of the chin and pushes the lower lip up - POUTY FACE

65
Q

Muscles of Facial Expressions: Zygomatic Major

A

Draws the angles of the mouth upward and backward, as in laughing - or smiling

66
Q

Muscles of Facial Expressions: Orbicularis Oris Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - From muscle fibers around mouth; no skeletal attachment

Insertion - Into itself and surrounding skin

67
Q

Muscles of Facial Expressions: Buccinator Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Posterior portion of alveolar process of maxillary bone and mandible

Insertion - Fibers of orbicularis oris at angle of mouth

68
Q

Muscles of Facial Expressions: Mentalis Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Inscisive Fossa of mandible

Insertion - Skin of chin

69
Q

Muscles of Facial Expressions: Zygomatic Major Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Zygomatic bone

Insertion - Into fibers of orbicularis oris

70
Q

Muscles of the Neck

A
  • These are the muscles found from the neck to the
    lower aspect of the mandible. * These muscles can become affected by improper
    posture while assisting the dentist or performing
    independent duties (Bird & Robinson, 2021) * There are three:  Platysma
     Trapezius  Sternocleidomastoid
71
Q

3 Muscles of the Neck

A

 Platysma
 Trapezius
 Sternocleidomastoid

72
Q

Neck Muscle - Platysma Muscle

A
  • Function
    ◦ Grimacing
    ◦ Raises the skin of the neck and pulls the corners of the mouth down
73
Q

Neck Muscle - Trapzius

A

Is a large, flat triangular muscle that covers the
back of the neck, the clavicle and shoulder * Function
◦ Lifts the clavicle and shoulder blade – as when
the shoulders are shrugged

74
Q

Neck Muscle - Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

A
  • Function
    ◦ If one SCM is contracted the head turns to that
    side. ◦ If both are contracted the head will flex at the
    neck and move forward and down ◦ Serves as a landmark of neck during an
    extraoral examination
75
Q

Neck Muscle: Sternocleidomastoid Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Clavicle (collarbone) and lateral surfaces of sternum

Insertion - Posterior and inferior to external acoustic meatus

76
Q

Trapezius Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: External surface of occipital bone

Insertion: Lateral third of clavivle and parts of the scapula

77
Q

Muscles of the Tongue - 2 types

A

Intrinsic (within the toung) - ◦ Responsible for shaping the tongue during speech,
chewing, and swallowing

Extrinsic - assist in the movement and function of the tongue

78
Q

Extrnisic Muscles of the Tongue

A
  • Genioglossus - Depresses and protrudes the tongue
  • Hyoglossus - Retracts and pulls down the side of the tongue
  • Styloglossus - Retracts the tongue
79
Q

Major Muscles of the Soft Palate

A
  • Palatoglossus - Elevates base of tongue, arching tongue against soft
    palate; depresses soft palate toward tongue
  • Palatopharyngeus - Forms posterior pillar of fauces; serves to narrow fauces and helps shut off nasopharynx
80
Q

Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth: Digastric Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Anterior belly: lower border of mandible
Posterior belly: mastoid process of temporal bone

Insertion - Body and great horn of hyoid bone

81
Q

Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth: Stylohyoid Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Styloid process of temporal bone

Insertion - Body of hyoid bone

82
Q

Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth: Mylohyoid Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Left and right portions are joined at the midline; each portion originates on mylohyoid line of mandible

Insertion - Body of Hyoid bone

83
Q

Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth: Geniohyoid Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Medial (inner) surface of mandible, near symphysis

Insertion - Body of hyoid bone

84
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue: Genioglossus Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Medial (inner) surface of mandible, near symphysis

Insertion - Hyoid bone and inferior (lower) surface of the tongue

85
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue: Hyoglossus Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Body of the hyoid bone

Insertion - Side of the tongue

86
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue: Syloglossus Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Syloid process of temporal bone

Insertion - Side and undersurface of tongue

87
Q

Muscles of the Soft Palate: Palatoglossus Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Anterior arch on each side of throat; arises from soft palate

Insertion - Along posterior side of tongue

88
Q

Muscles of the Soft Palate: Palatopharyngeal Origin & Insertion

A

Origin - Posterior border of thyroid cartilage and connective tissue of pharynx

Insertion - Thyroid cartilage and wall of pharynx

89
Q
A

Anatomy (29 decks)

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