Anatomy - Week 14 PP Flashcards
Glossitis
- General term used to describe inflammation and
changes in the topography of the tongue - There is atrophy of the papilla to creating a
smooth erythematous tongue - Causes: * Allergic reactions
- Irritations from foods
- Nutritional deficiencies
Black Hairy Tongue
- The filiform papillae are so greatly elongated that
they resemble hairs - These elongated papillae become stained by food
tobacco and chromogenic bacteria, hence the
name - May be caused by an imbalance of oral flora after the administration of antibiotics or the use of
mouthrinses
Fissured Tongue
- Fissured tongue is a variant of normal; its cause is unknown
- Theories about its cause include vitamin deficiency and chronic trauma over a long period
- The dorsal surface (top) of the tongue is marked
by having deep fissures or grooves, which become
irritated if food debris collects in them - Patient with a fissured tongue is advised to brush
the tongue gently with a soft toothbrush to keep
the fissures clean of debris and irritants - variation of normal, not to be worried about HOWEVER extra care is required..
Bifid Tongue
- Rare
-Partial fusion of the tounge during development - no treatment required
- split of tongue into 2
Ankyloglossia
- Tongue tie
- The lingual frenum is attached near the tip of the tongue
- The short lingual frenum can also attached the tip
of the tongue to the floor of the mouth - Limits movement of the tongue
◦ Speech disruption - Treatment ◦ Frenectomy (surgical removal of part of the lingual frenum)
Clinical Considerations
The Oral Mucosa is a good indicator of health or
disease
* Many diseases or conditions manifest in some way on oral tissue
* The dental team plays an important role in early
detection of these diseases
Pernicious Anemia
- A condition in which the body does not absorb vitamin B12
- People with this condition show signs of anemia, weakness, pallor, and fatigue on exertion
- Other signs include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite
- Oral manifestations of pernicious anemia include angular cheilitis (ulceration and redness at the corners of the lips), mucosal ulceration, loss of papillae on the tongue, and a painful burning sensation of the tongue
HIV and AIDS
Oral lesions are prominent features of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
* Oral lesions develop because of the breakdown of the immune system that occurs when the T-helper cells become depleted as a result of the disease
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- Because the patient’s immune system is severely damaged, death is usually caused by an
opportunistic infection - Opportunistic infection: One that normally would be controlled by the immune system but cannot be controlled because the immune system is not
functioning properly - Some of the lesions that look like HIV- and AIDS related infection may also be caused by other
disorders
HIV Gingivitis
- There is often a bright red line along the border of the free gingival margin
- Also known as atypical gingivitis(ATYP) * In some cases, there may be progression of the
bright red line from the free gingival margin over the attached gingival and alveolar mucosa
HIV Periodontitis
- Resembles acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis superimposed on rapidly progressive periodontitis
- Other symptoms include:
◦ Interproximal necrosis and cratering
◦ Marked swelling
◦ Intense erythema over the free and attached gingiva
◦ Intense pain
◦ Spontaneous bleeding and bad breath
Candidiasis
Candidiasis is often the initial oral sign of progression from HIV-positive status to AIDS
* In a patient with a compromised immune system, candidiasis can be a very debilitating and serious disorder
Cervical Lymphadenopathy
Enlargement of the cervical (neck) nodes
-Lymphadenopathy is frequently seen in association with AIDS
Lymphoma
- Lymphoma is the general term used to describe malignant disorders of the lymphoid tissue
- In the immunocompromised individual, it may occur as a solitary lump or nodule, a swelling, or a nonhealing ulcer that occurs anywhere in the oral cavity
- The swelling may be ulcerated or may be covered with intact, normal-appearing mucosa
- Usually painful, the lesion grows rapidly and may be the first evidence of lymphoma
Hairy Leukoplakia
- Can be an imporant early manifestation of AIDS
-* A filamentous white plaque usually found
unilaterally or bilaterally on the lateral borders
(sides) on the anterior portion of the tongue - May spread to cover the entire dorsal surface of
the tongue - Can also appear on the buccal mucosa, where it
generally has a flat appearance
Kaposi Sarcoma = HIV POSITIVE
- One of the opportunistic infections that occurs in patients with HIV infection
- Lesions may appear as multiple bluish, blackish, or reddish blotches that are usually flat in the early stages
- Kaposi sarcoma is one of the intraoral lesions that is used to diagnose AIDS
- can be intra or extra oral
Herpes Simplex
- Herpes simplex lesions usually occur on the lip
- In immunocompromised patients, the lesions may occur throughout the mouth
- An ulcer caused by the herpes virus that persists for longer than 1 month may be an indicator of AIDS
- Patients who do not have HIV or AIDs may also suffer from herpes
Human Papillomavirus
Human papillomavirus appears most commonly in immunocompromised individuals * Diagnosis is made on the basis of history, clinical
appearance, and biopsy findings
* Lesions are a common finding in patients with early HIV infection
* These warts appear spiky, and some have a raised, cauliflower-like appearance
Oral Cancer
One of the 10 most frequent cancers in the world
* The incidence, as well as the site, of the cancer varies greatly from country to country
* Most oral cancers do not cause pain in the early stages, and the thorough dentist is most likely to be the first to detect them
* These cancers are fatal if not detected early enough or if left untreated
- cell proliferating abnormally, when multiple cells are mutated
Oral Cancer - Canada Stats
- According to the Canadian Cancer Society (2024a): ◦ It is estimated that in 2024: 8,100 Canadians will be diagnosed with head and neck cancer.
2,100 Canadians will die from head and neck cancer. 5,800 men will be diagnosed with head and neck cancer and 1,550 will die from it.
2,300 women will be diagnosed with head and neck cancer and 590 will die from it.
