Anatomy - Week 4 PP Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
-Anatomy is the scientific study of the shape and structure of the human body
* It is important for the dental assistant, as a
healthcare professional, to understand the basic structure and shape of the human body
* Anatomical terms must be understood for
communication in the health professions to be effective
Organizational Levels of the Body
Cells form into tissues which forms into organs which forms the body systems
Cells
Cells, the basic units of structure in the
human body:
- react to stimuli,
- transform nutrients into energy,
- grow,
- and reproduce
- The human body contains many types of cells
- Different shapes
- Different functions
Tissues
Formed when many millions of cells with the same shape, size, structure, and function join together to perform a specific function for the body
Types of Tissue
- Epithelial tissues form a covering for the external (skin) and internal body surfaces (lining of the oral cavity and intestines)
- Connective tissue is the major support material of the body and connects organs and tissues.
- Muscle tissue has the ability to lengthen and shorten
Voluntary (e.g., arms, legs) Involuntary (e.g., heart, lungs, stomach) - Nerve tissue is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities (brain, spinal cord, and nerves)
Organs
Organs are formed when several types of tissues become a group and perform a single function
Body Systems
A body system is composed of a group of organs working together to perform a major function
* The human body has 10 systems
* Each system has specific organs within it
* Each body system performs specific
functions
Major Body Systems
The human body has 10 systems:
1. Skeletal,
2. Muscular,
3. Cardiovascular (including the lymphatic and
immune system),
4. Nervous,
5. Respiratory,
6. Digestive,
7. Endocrine,
8. Urinary,
9. Integumentary (skin), and
10. Reproductive.
The Skeletal System
-Axial - 80 bones (central core)
-Appendicular - 126 bones (appendages)
Components: Bones, Cartlidge, Joints
The Muscular System
- Gives us the ability to stand, walk, run, jump, move our eyes, smile, and frown
- It is composed of more than 600 individual muscles
- For muscles to make the body move, they must work together * Each muscle consists of muscle tissue, connective
tissue, nerve tissue, and vascular (blood) tissue
3 Types of Muscles
- Striated muscle
◦ So named because dark and light bands in the muscle fibers yield a striped, or striated, appearance
◦ Is also known as skeletal or voluntary muscle
◦ Attached to the bones of the skeleton; makes bodily
motion possible - Smooth muscle
◦ Moves the internal organs, such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and secretion ducts leading from glands - Cardiac muscle
◦ Forms most of the walls of the heart
Cardiovascular System
- Consists of the:
◦ Circulatory system
◦ Heart ◦ Lymphatic system - These systems provide life-sustaining capabilities for the survival of body cells and tissues
◦ Transportation of..
Oxygen and nutrients
Carbon dioxide - removal
Hormones and antibodies
◦ Regulation (body temperature and chemical stability)
If there is an infection there is acid present so anesthetic (which is a base) may not work
Nervous System
- The nervous system is the communication system of the body
- Instructions and directions are sent out by this system to the various organs in the body
- The nervous system can be compared to computer communications, with the brain and spinal cord as the main computer and the nerves as the cables that carry messages to and from this center
Respiratory System
Delivers oxygen to the millions of cells in the body and transports the waste product carbon dioxide out of the body
* The respiratory system consists of the:
◦ Nose
◦ Paranasal sinuses
◦ Pharynx
◦ Epiglottis
◦ Larynx
◦ Trachea
◦ Alveoli
◦ Lungs
Digestive System
- The role of the digestive system is to provide the body with nutrients, water, and electrolytes neccessary for life
- the digestive system functions under involuntary control
Endocrine System
- The endocrine system consists of ductless glands and tissues that help regulate the body’s activities
- The glands secrete hormones directly into the blood
- These hormones affect metabolism, growth, and development
- The hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, not through a duct
Urinary System
The urinary system is also known as the excretory
system
* Its principal function is to maintain fluid volume
and composition of the body fluids
* Waste products leave the body in the form of
urine, and the needed substances are returned to
the blood
Integumentary System
- The skin is the body’s first line of defense against disease
- Functions of the skin system: ◦ Helps regulate body temperature
◦ Provides a barrier that prevents bacteria from entering the body
◦ Excretes liquids and salts
◦ Provides sensitivity to touch
◦ Uses ultraviolet rays from the sun to convert chemicals into vitamin D necessary for absorption of calcium
Reproductive System
Female
* External and internal
components
* Internal * uterus
* ovaries
Male
* Produces and
transports sperm
Interaction Among the 10 Body
Systems
- Body systems do not operate independently
◦ Exert important effects on each other ◦ Something happening to one system tends to affect other systems
Histology
Defined as..
The science/study of tissues
From cells to tissues
Tissues
A group of similar cells combined in a
specialized manner to perform a particular function
Contains intercellular substance between cells
Contains tissue fluid surrounding the cells
What are tissues comprised of?
All made up of 3 key components
* cells
*intercellular substance
*tissue fluid
Human Tissue Classification - 4 primary groups
Four primary groups:
Group 1. Epithelial tissue
Group 2. Connective tissue
Group 3. Muscle tissue
Group 4. Nerve tissue
Epithelial Tissue
- Epithelium is the tissue type that covers and lines both external and internal body surfaces
- Purpose:
- Provides protection
- Produces secretions
- Regulates the passage of materials
- 2 Types
◦ Covering and Lining
◦ Glandular or Secretory
Epithelial Tissue Descriptions
◦ Shape
* Squamous: flattened in shape
* Cuboidal : square in shape
* Columnar: tall and rectangular in shape
◦ Arrangement
* Simple: single layer
* Stratified: multiple layers
* Pseudostratified: appears multi-layered but is single layer (false - not actually multi-layered just appears as so..)
Basement Membrane
- All lining and glandular epithelial tissue rests on connective tissue and is separated by a basement membrane
different then epithelial cell.. made up of different types of protein fibers
Types of Connective Tissue
- Specialized (Soft)
-Adipose (Fat) - Supportive
-Bone (Rigid)
-Tissue & Cartilage (firm) - Dense (Soft)
-Ligaments
-Tendons - Vascular (Fluid)
-Blood
-Lymph
Supportive connective tissue
- Bone (Osseous) tissue (Rigid)
◦ Protects and supports organs - Cartilage (Firm)
◦ Firm flexible support
◦ Serves as a shock absorber
◦ Solid and firm
Soft Connective Tissue
Specialized -Adipose (Fat)
* Stores fat
* Energy source – when needed
* Cushions, supports, insulates the body
Connective Tissue Proper (Soft)
Loose Connective Tissue
* Protective padding
for deeper
structures
* Example
* Connective
Tissue Papillae
Dense Connective Tissue
* More tightly packed then loose strength
Examples:
* Dermis - under skin
Other dense examples:
* Tendons
* Ligaments
Vascular Connective Tissue
Blood tissue
* serves as transport medium for cellular nutrients
* Defense systems
Lymphatic tissue
* Perform the functions of the lymphatic system
* Part of the immune system
Muscle Tissue
3 divisions on striations and muscle control
A. Smooth muscle tissue
B. Striated involuntary muscle tissue (cardiac)
C. Striated voluntary muscle tissue
Smooth muscle
- non striated
-involuntary control
-example: Walls of blood vessels
Striated involuntary muscle
- rich in blood vessels
- cross striations
- involuntary control
-example: cardiac muscle
Striated voluntary muscle
- very strong
- cross striations
- voluntary control
-example: skeletal muscle
Nerve Tissue
Nerves function to carry messages or impulses based on electrical potentials.
* An afferent nerve, or sensory nerve, carries information or relays impulses from the periphery of the body to the
brain (or spinal cord).
* An efferent nerve, or motor nerve, carries information away from the brain to the periphery of the body
* Nerve tissue in the body causes muscles to
contract, resulting in facial expressions and joint movements such as those associated with mastication and speech
Clinical Significance of Oral Histology
- The practice of dentistry is based on knowledge of:
◦ Structure
◦ Arrangement
◦ Reaction - Oral hygiene instruction (OHI) is based on:
◦ Study of histology
◦ How cells react – how disease affects tissues
◦ The amount of trauma tissues can withstand - Disease caused by bacterial plaque biofilm is understood by the study of:
◦ Tissue structure
◦ Tissue reaction
◦ Tissue repair
We treat diseased tissues based on what we know about normal tissues…
What is the smallest living unit of organization in the body?
Cell
Smooth and cardiac tissue are two types of…
muscle tissue
The central nervous system consists of the brain and what else?
spinal cord
The urinary system can also be known as the _____ system
excretory
