Anatomy - Obj. 1.6 to 1.8 (week 2 pp)

Question 1

How many surfaces on each tooth

Answer 1

Each tooth has five
surfaces: facial, lingual,
masticatory, mesial,
and distal surfaces.

Question 2

Facial Surface

Answer 2

The tooth surface
closest to the surface of
the face is termed
facial

Question 3

Labial Surface

Answer 3

The tooth surface
closest to the surface of
the face is termed
facial

Question 4

Buccal surface

Answer 4

The facial surface
closest to the inner
cheek is termed buccal.

Question 5

lingual surface

Answer 5

The surface closest to
the tongue is termed
lingual.

Question 6

palatal surface

Answer 6

The lingual surfaces
closest to the palate on
the maxillary arch is
sometimes also termed
palatal.

Question 7

one rooted teeth

Answer 7

incisors, cuspids/canines, premolars/bicuspids

Question 8

two rooted teeth

Answer 8

mandibular molars

1st maxi premolar can be bifurcated

Question 9

three rooted teeth

Answer 9

maxillary molars

Question 10

proximal surfaces

Answer 10

surfaces next to each other when teeth are adjacent in in the arch (both mesial and distal)

Question 11

interproximal surfaces

Answer 11

area between two adjacent teeth

Question 12

anatomic features of the teeth help…

Answer 12

Anatomic features of the teeth help maintain their positions in the arch and protect the tissues
during mastication (chewing)

Question 13

Three anatomic features of the teeth

Answer 13

◦ Contours
◦ Contacts
◦ Embrasures

Question 14

Contours of teeth

Answer 14

All teeth have a curved surface except when the
tooth is fractured or worn
◦ Some surfaces are convex; others are concave
◦ General principle that the crown of the tooth narrows
toward the cervical line is true for all types of teeth

Question 15

• Facial and lingual contours

Answer 15

◦ The normal contour of a tooth provides the gingiva with adequate stimulation for health, while protecting it from damage that may be caused by food

Question 16

• Mesial and distal contours

Answer 16

These contours provide normal contact and embrasure form

Question 17

height of contours

Answer 17

The “bulge,” or widest point, on a specific surface of the crown
* Contact areas on the mesial and distal surfaces are usually considered the height of contour on the proximal surfaces
* Facial and lingual surfaces also have a height of contour

Question 18

Contact area

Answer 18

The area where the
crowns of adjacent
teeth in the same arch
physically touch on
each proximal surface is
the contact area, or, as
referred to by clinicians,
the contact

Question 19

A proper contact serves the following purposes:

Answer 19

◦ Prevents food from being trapped between the teeth
◦ Stabilizes the dental arches by holding the teeth in either arch in positive contact with each other
◦ Protects the interproximal gingival tissue from trauma during mastication (chewing)

Question 20

Embrasures

Answer 20

• When two teeth in the same arch touch, their curvatures next to the contact areas form spaces called embrasures
• An embrasure is a triangular space in a gingival direction between the proximal surfaces of two adjoining teeth in contact * Embrasures are continuous with the interproximal
  spaces between the teeth
• All tooth contours, including contact areas and embrasures, are important in the function and health of the oral tissues

Question 21

apical embrasure

Answer 21

embrasure on anterior teeth near gingiva (gums)

Question 22

incisor embrasure

Answer 22

embrasure at incisal edge

Question 23

lingual embrasures

Answer 23

embrasure on the lingual surface of all teeth

Question 24

facial embrasures

Answer 24

embrasure on buccal and labial surface of teeth

Question 25

occlusal embrasures

Answer 25

embrasures on occlusal surface of posterior teeth

Question 26

clinical considerations for tooth surfaces

Answer 26

• The tooth’s angles, height of contour, and spaces define the front or face of a tooth when the design of a patient’s smile is considered, because these features are noted first when contemplating
  someone’s smile.
• Altering placement and shape of these features changes the face of a tooth and its perceived size and the appearance of the smile.
• Note that ideally the mesial part of the face and silhouette of a tooth is more angled vertically than the distal part of the face of a tooth

Question 27

cusp

Answer 27

major elevation on the occlusal surfaces of canine and posterior teeth

Question 28

Developmental
depressions

Answer 28

Developmental
depressions outline the
separations among the
labial developmental
lobes

Question 29

cingulum

Answer 29

The lingual surfaces of
all anteriors have a
cingulum.

A raised, rounded area
on the cervical third of
the lingual surface

Question 30

mamelons

Answer 30

small bumps on incisor incisal edges - usually appear on recently erupted adult teeth and are worn away with use/grinding

Question 31

anterior developmental groove

Answer 31

Anteriors may have on
their lingual surface a
developmental groove
- A sharp, deep,
V-shaped linear
depression that marks
the junction among the
developmental lobes

Question 32

posterior developmental grooves

Answer 32

The developmental
grooves on each
different posterior
tooth type are located
in the same place and
mark the junction
among the
developmental lobes

Question 33

types of developmental grooves

Answer 33

-central groove
-supplemental groove (or secondary groove)
may also be present on the lingual surface of anterior teeth
-triangular groove
-marginal groove

Question 34

fossa

Answer 34

a shallow, wide
depression.

Question 35

developmental pits

Answer 35

are located in the
deepest part of each
fossa.

Question 36

occlusal pit

Answer 36

• Each occlusal pit is a
  sharp pinpoint
  depression where two
  or more grooves meet

Question 37

Posterior marginal ridge

Answer 37

The crown of each
posterior tooth has an
occlusal surface that is
bordered by the raised
marginal ridges

• Located on the distal
  surface and mesial
  surface

Question 38

anterior marginal ridge

Answer 38

Present on the lingual
surface.
The lingual surface on anteriors is bordered
mesially and distally on each side by a rounded raised border

Question 39

Triangular ridges

Answer 39

Triangular ridges, are cusp ridges that
descend from the cusp tips toward the central part of the occlusal table

Question 40

transverse ridge

Answer 40

Additionally present on
many posteriors is a
transverse ridge

A term given to the
joining of two
triangular ridges
crossing the occlusal
table transversely, or
from the labial to
lingual

Question 41

incisal ridge

Answer 41

The long crown of an
anterior tooth has an
incisal surface, which is
considered the incisal
ridge

Question 42

features of the face: ala of the nose

Answer 42

◦ wing - outer nostril

Question 43

features of the face: Tragus of the ear

Answer 43

Projection anterior to the external opening of the ear

Question 44

Ala-tragus line

Answer 44

◦ Used to landmark for x-rays

Question 45

features of the face

Answer 45

1. Outer canthus of the eye
2. Inner canthus of the eye
3. Ala of the nose - wing/outernostril
4. Philtrum - cupids bow
5. Tragus of the ear
6. Nasion - between eyebrows
7. Glabella - middle of forhead
8. Bridge of the nose
9. Septum
10. Anterior naris - nostril-ish
11. Mental protuberance - chin
12. Angle of the mandible - jawline
13. Zygomatic arch - cheekbone

Question 46

labial commisure

Answer 46

corners of lips/mouth

Question 47

vermillion border

Answer 47

outside border of lips

Question 48

vermillion zone

Answer 48

inside of border of lips

Question 49

vestibule

Answer 49

The vestibule is the space between the
teeth and the inner mucosal lining of the
lips and cheeks.

Question 50

oral cavity proper

Answer 50

The oral cavity proper is the space on
the tongue side within the upper and
lower dental arches (Bird & Robinson,
2020).

Question 51

linea alba

Answer 51

• white ridge of raised tissue extends horizontally at the level where the maxillary and mandibular teeth come together
• Caused by friction
  with the teeth

Question 52

Fordyce spots

Answer 52

• are normal small, yellowish elevations that may appear on the buccal mucosa

Question 53

mucogingival junction

Answer 53

A distinct line of color change where the alveolar mucosa meets with attached gingivae

• The attached gingiva is a lighter color and has a stippled surface

Question 54

alveolar mucosa

Answer 54

Covers the alveolar
bone

• Loosely attached to the
  bone
• Redder in colour than
  labial or buccal mucosa

Question 55

frenum/frenulum

Answer 55

• They are found at the inner midline of both upper and lower lips and by the cuspid or bicuspid areas
• It is a narrow fold of mucous membrane passing from fixed tissue to more movable tissue
• The frena/frenula attach the lips to the alveolar mucosa and the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Question 56

gingiva (gums)

Answer 56

Gingiva surrounds the tooth like a collar and is self-cleansing.
* Gingiva is firm and resistant and can be tightly
adapted to the tooth and bone.
* Surfaces of the attached gingiva and interdental
papillae are stippled and resemble the rind of an orange.
* The color of the gingival surface varies according to the individual’s pigmentation

Question 57

attached gingiva

Answer 57

The attached gingiva
extends from the base
of the sulcus to the
mucogingival junction.

• It is a stippled, dense
  tissue that is selfprotecting, firmly
  bound, and resilient

Question 58

Bony eminence

Answer 58

-raised contour of bone that
follows the roots of the teeth, canine eminence

Question 59

• Maxillary tuberosity

Answer 59

-small extension of bone
posterior to last maxillary tooth

Question 60

• Retromolar area

Answer 60

bone posterior to last
mandibular tooth-we will discuss this in more
detail when we detail the mandible

Question 61

exostoses

Answer 61

Localized growth of
bone

Question 62

hard palate

Answer 62

roof of mouth
* Crush food
* Assist in swallowing
* Prevent injury to the oral structures by determining
texture and temperature of food (Bird & Robinson,
2021)
Hard Palate
(A) Surface features of th

Question 63

soft palate

Answer 63

Posterior third of the palate
* Composed of muscular fibers covered with mucosa
* The most posterior portion is the uvula
* The soft palate assists by closing off the nasal cavity during swallowing or speaking – specifically the uvula

Question 64

Oropharynx

Answer 64

The middle part of the throat, behind the mouth.

Question 65

tongue - dorsum

Answer 65

• The upper surface is
  the dorsum

Question 66

tongue - ventral surface

Answer 66

• The undersurface is the
  ventral surface
• Large visible blood
  vessels and deep
  lingual veins
• Plica fimbriata/e

Question 67

tongue - depression down

Answer 67

• The depression down
  the midline is the
  median sulcus

Question 68

tongue - Circumvallate/Vallate Papillae

Answer 68

• Is a V-shaped row of circular, raised papillae
  about 2/3 of the way back
• Involved in your gag reflex.
• Contain taste buds

Question 69

Filiform Papillae

Answer 69

• grey threadlike projections of epithelial tissue
• cover the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
• provide tactile sense

Question 70

Fungiform Papillae

Answer 70

• reddish small mushroom-shaped dots
• dorsal surface
• anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
• Contain taste buds

Question 71

Foliate Papillae

Answer 71

• on lateral surface, back in the region of the
  circumvallate papillae
• some taste buds

Question 72

lingual tonsils

Answer 72

• Found near the midline, on the dorsum of the tongue
• Directly behind the circumvallate papilla
• Similar to the tissue of palatine tonsils
• Works as a defense mechanism in that area

Question 73

Masticatory Mucosa

Answer 73

oral mucosa that covers the hard palate, dorsum of the tongue, and gingiva

Question 74

specialized mucosa

Answer 74

mucous membrane on the tongue in the form of
lingual papillae, which are structures associated
with sensations of taste

Question 75

lining mucosa

Answer 75

mucous membrane that covers the inside of the cheeks, vestibule, lips, soft palate, and underside
of the tongue and acts as a cushion for underlying structures

Question 76

Universal Numbering System (UNS)

Answer 76

This system is the most widely used in the United States for the designation of both dentitions, because it is adaptable to electronic data

-the primary teeth are designated from each other in a consecutive arrangement by using capital letters, A through T, starting with the maxillary right second molar, moving clockwise, and ending
with the mandibular right second molar

• The permanent teeth are designated from each other in the UNS in consecutive arrangement as the patient is observed from in front by using the digits 1 through 32, starting with the maxillary
  right third molar, moving clockwise, and ending with the mandibular right third molar.

Question 77

FDI - International Numbering System

Answer 77

• However, the need for a system that can be used
  internationally, as well as by electronic data
  transfer, is recognized; thus the acceptance of the
  International Numbering System (INS) * This is based on the system of the Fédération
  Dentaire Internationale (FDI
• the teeth are designated from each other by using a two-digit code.
• The first digit of the code indicates the quadrant, and the second indicates the tooth’s position in this quadrant.
• the digits 1 through 4 are used for quadrants in a clockwise manner in the permanent dentition, and digits 5 through 8 are used in a clockwise manner for those quadrants of the primary dentition
  he teeth are designated from each other by usinga two-digit code.
• The first digit of the code indicates the quadrant, and the second indicates the tooth’s position in this quadrant.
• The digits 1 through 4 are used for quadrants in a clockwise manner in the permanent dentition, and digits 5 through 8 are used in a clockwise manner for those quadrants of the primary dentition

Question 78

palmer method

Answer 78

• In this system, the teeth are designated from each other with a right-angle symbol indicating the quadrants and arch, with the tooth number placed inside

Question 79

maxillary labial frenum

Answer 79

middle frenum on top arch

Question 80

mandibular labial frenum

Answer 80

middle frenum on bottom arch

Question 81

mandibular buccal frenum

Answer 81

frenums near cuspid teeth on bottom arch

Question 82

sublingual fold

Answer 82

fold on ventral side of tongue

Question 83

lingual frenum

Answer 83

frenum under the tongue

Question 84

mandibular tori

Answer 84

localized growth of bone under tongue - on the sides of floor of mouth

Question 85

FOM - Floor of mouth

Answer 85

under the tongue

Question 86

primary dentistion

Answer 86

There are 20 primary teeth: 10 in the maxillary arch and 10 in the mandibular arch
* Includes incisors, canines, and molars
* Numbered in the FDI System by quadrants (5-8)

Question 87

incisive papilla

Answer 87

right behind central incisors on roof of mouth

Question 88

palatal ruguae

Answer 88

bumps/ridges distal to incisive papilla, on roof of mouth

Question 89

medial palatine raphe (or suture)

Answer 89

center of roof of mouth - where 2 bones meet/come together (under the mucosa)

Question 90

palatal torus

Answer 90

deviation of normal - boney over growth/bump on roof of mouth

Question 91

Dentition periods

Answer 91

primary
mixed
permanent

Question 92

primary teeth

Answer 92

baby or deciduous teeth - 20 total, 10 maxi & 10 mandi
includes incisors, canines/cuspids & molars (no premolars)
numbered in FDI system by quads 5-8
1st tooth usually erupts around 6 months of age

Question 93

Mixed dentition

Answer 93

• Mixed dentition generally occurs between the ages of 6 and 12 years
• Both primary and permanent teeth are present during this transitional period
• The mixed dentition period begins with the eruption of the first permanent tooth, which is a permanent mandibular first molar
• This period ends with shedding of the last primary tooth

Question 94

permanent dentition

Answer 94

The final, or adult, dentition
* This period begins with shedding of the last primary tooth
* Growth of the jawbones slows and eventually stops
* There is very little growth of the jaw overall during this period because puberty has passed

Question 95

primary teeth eruption

Answer 95

• The actual dates are
  not as important as the eruption sequence,
  because there can be a great deal of variation in the actual dates of
  eruption.
• However, the sequence
  tends to be uniform
  *The primary dentition
  takes between 2 and 3
  years to be completed

Question 96

primary teeth eruption sequence

Answer 96

Eruption begins mandibular central incisor at approximately 6 months.

RULE: mn > mx

a) 1’s 6-10 months

b) 2’s 7-10 months/9-12 months

c) 4’s 12 -18 months

d) 3’s 16-22 months

e) 5’s 20-32 months/24-32 months

Sequence 1, 2, 4, 3, 5

Question 97

primary to permanent teeth comparision

Answer 97

• The crown of any primary tooth is short
  in relation to its total length
• It is also narrower, at the cementoenamel
  junction (CEJ), making them appear bulbous
  ** Roots of primary teeth are also narrower and longer than the crown length.
  *Each crown-to-root ratio of primary teeth is smaller than those ratios of their
  permanent dentition counterparts
  *primary teeth are typically more white
  *primary teeth have prominent cervical ridge
  *primary teeth are smaller overall
  *The enamel is relatively thinner on primary teeth
  ** The pulp chambers and
  pulp horns are relatively large in
  proportion to those of the permanent teeth

Question 98

primate spaces

Answer 98

Spaces between the primary maxillary
lateral incisor and canine, and also
between the primary mandibular canine and first molar
- spaces for room for permanent teeth once erupted
- can tell if braces may be needed if there is no room

Question 99

Arch development: leeway space

Answer 99

This difference in size, mesial-distally between the
two types of teeth, is called the leeway
space

Question 100

why are primary teeth important?

Answer 100

• Often parents do not understand the importance of the primary teeth
• Primary teeth hold the eruption space for the permanent teeth
• Because the enamel and dentin are thinner in primary teeth, decay can travel quickly through the enamel to the pulp, possibly causing loss of the tooth
• Early dental health education and dental care are essential in keeping the primary dentition

Question 101

Primary Tooth Eruption dates

Answer 101

Each quadrant-1 central, 1 lateral, 1 canine, 2 molars = 5 x 4 quads = 20 teeth.

Eruption begins mandibular central incisor at approximately 6 months.

RULE: mn > mx

a) 1’s 6-10 months

b) 2’s 7-10 months/9-12 months

c) 4’s 12 -18 months

d) 3’s 16-22 months

e) 5’s 20-32 months/24-32 months

Sequence 1, 2, 4, 3, 5

Question 102

The development and growth of the primary teeth are essential because..

Answer 102

The development and growth of the primary teeth are essential because they influence arch growth and provide stimuli for the formation of arch space for the permanent teeth, which are larger and more numerous (Fehrenbach & Popowics, 2020). Premature loss of primary teeth, especially canines and molars may result in malocclusion or malpositioning of the permanent teeth (Fehrenbach & Popowics, 2020). The development of the arches is generally sufficient to accommodate the increased number and size of permanent teeth. If arch development is not in accord with the size of the developing teeth, “crowding” or “diastema” (space between the teeth) may occur. Finally, primary teeth are needed for speech articulation (Fehrenbach & Popowics, 2020).

Question 103

What age does first primary tooth erupt?

Answer 103

The primary teeth begin to erupt at about six months of age and should all be present by 2-2 1/2 years of age. The first deciduous teeth to erupt are the mandibular central incisors (about 6 months). The maxillary central incisors usually erupt about a month later. As a rule, the mandibular teeth erupt before the corresponding maxillary teeth

Question 104

Exfoliation

Answer 104

The process of shedding the deciduous teeth and replacement with permanent teeth is called exfoliation. Exfoliation begins 2-3 years after the deciduous root is fully formed. The root begins to resorb at its apical end and resorption continues until the entire root has disappeared and the tooth falls out

Question 105

Primary/Deciduous Characteristics differing from Permanent Counterparts

Answer 105

Anterior teeth have smaller crowns and roots
Have no mamelons
Molars are wider mesial to distal than permanent bicuspids
Narrower roots and longer in comparison with the crown length
Narrow cementoenamel junction
The cervical ridge of enamel at the cervical third of the crowns of deciduous anterior teeth are very prominent labially and lingually.
Buccocervical ridges of molars are much more pronounced creating a more bulbous or “bell-shaped” appearance
Roots are more slender and longer and flare apically to allow room in between for the developing permanent tooth crowns.
Lighter in colour more white with a bluish cast
Pulp chambers are large compared to crown size
Pulp horns extend more occlusally
Less dense pulp
Less dense enamel with inconsistent depth

Question 106

Permanent Teeth Eruption Dates

Answer 106

*6-7 Years
Maxillary 1st Molars
Mandibular Central Incisors
Mandibular 1st molars

*7-8 years
Maxillary Central Incisors
Mandibular Lateral Incisors

*8-9 years
Maxillary Lateral Incisors

*9-10 years
Mandibular Cuspids

*10-11 years
Max 1st Premolar
Mandi 1st premolar

*10-12 years
Max 2nd premolar

*11-12 years
Max Cuspids

*11-13 years
mandi 2nd molar
Max 2nd molars

*12-13 years
Mandi 2nd premolars

*17-21 years (if at all)
mandi 3rd molar
Max 3rd molars

Question 107

Role of Incisors

Answer 107

These teeth, with their sharp biting edge, are designed to cut. The tongue side is “shovel-shaped” to guide food into the mouth.

Question 108

Role of Cuspids/Canine

Answer 108

The crown of a cuspid tooth is more massive than that of an incisor: cuspids also have the longest roots of any of our teeth. They are placed in the corners of the mouth and are designed for holding, and grasping.

Question 109

Role of Premolars/Bicuspids

Answer 109

Located posterior to the cuspids, these teeth have two cusps to help hold or grasp pieces of food but they also have a broader surface used to pulverize or grind food.

Question 110

Role of Molars

Answer 110

These teeth have several cusps which provide a broad working surface and interlock with the opposing teeth to pulverize or grind food.

Question 111

Anterior Teeth Line angles

Answer 111

distolabial
mesiolabial
distolingual
mesiolingual
linguoincisal
labioincisal

Question 112

Posterior Teeth Line Angles

Answer 112

distobuccal
mesiobuccal
distolingual
mesiolingual
disto-occlusal
mesio-occlusal
bucco-occlusal
linguo-occlusal

Question 113

Anterior Teeth Point Angles

Answer 113

mesiolabioincisal
distolabioincisal
mesiolinguoincisal
distolinguoincisal

Question 114

Posterior Teeth Point Angles

Answer 114

mesiobucco-occlusal
distobucco-occlusal
mesiolinguo-occlusal
distolinguo-occlusal

Question 115

Functions of the lips include:

Answer 115

help take food and liquid into the mouth
prevent ingestion of extremely hot or cold substances
seal for the mouth (keeps food/liquids and saliva from escaping)
helps to maintain the position of the teeth
speech
expel air

Question 116

Vermillion Zone

Answer 116

Between these two areas lies a transitional zone of reddish tissue known as the vermillion zone (area) of the lip.

Question 117

Vermillion Border

Answer 117

The vermillion border is the line of demarcation between the vermillion zone and the skin of the face

Question 118

Philtrum

Answer 118

The skin of the upper lip has an indentation extending from the area below the middle of the nose to the center of the upper lip known as the philtrum. It is at the lateral junction of this philtrum that a cleft lip would be seen

Question 119

Nasiolabial sulcus

Answer 119

The nasolabial sulcus is a shallow depression extending from the corner of the nose to the corner of the mouth.

Question 120

Labio-mental groove

Answer 120

The labio-mental groove is a shallow linear depression between the center of the lower lip and chin.

Question 121

Labio-marginal sulcus

Answer 121

The labio-marginal sulcus refers to the shallow depression extending downward from the corners of the mouth.

Question 122

Commissure

Answer 122

Commissure refers to the corner of the mouth.

Question 123

Boundaries of the Oral Cavity

Answer 123

The oral cavity is the area extending from the lips posteriorly to the area of the palatine tonsils, commonly referred to as “the tonsils”

Question 124

Functions of the oral cavity

Answer 124

mastication
moisten the food with saliva, preparing it for swallowing and digestion
sense of taste
moves food around the oral cavity
air passage
speech

Question 125

Mucous Membrane

Answer 125

Mucous membrane lines the oral cavity. This soft, pink, moist tissue is called the oral mucosa and occurs in varying thicknesses. It acts as a protective covering for the oral cavity. In some areas, it is firmly attached to the underlying bone and in other areas, it is looser

Question 126

There are three types of oral mucosa:

Answer 126

Masticatory Mucosa - covers areas subject to stress
Specialized Mucosa - covers the area that has the specific function of taste
Lining Mucosa - covers all other areas of the oral cavity

Question 127

tonsillar pillars

Answer 127

The palatine tonsils lie on the sides of the throat between two folds of tissue

Question 128

fauces

Answer 128

opening from the oral cavity into the pharynx

Question 129

oral fissure

Answer 129

The opening from the oral cavity to the exterior

Question 130

The oral cavity can be divided into two parts:

Answer 130

the vestibule and the oral cavity proper. The vestibule is the space between the lips or cheeks and the teeth. The oral cavity proper is the area from the teeth back to the oro-pharynx

Question 131

mucobuccal or mucolabial fold

Answer 131

is the point at which the mucosa of the cheeks or lips turns to go towards the “gums”.

Question 132

mucogingival junction

Answer 132

The mucogingival junction is the point at which the mucosa becomes tightly attached to the alveolar bone and is the beginning of the gingiva.

Question 133

diastema

Answer 133

if the maxillary labial frenum is too firm for the erupting central incisors to penetrate, they may be pushed aside so space would exist - gap tooth

Question 134

buccal frenula

Answer 134

less well-defined frenula in the cuspid or bicuspid areas

Question 135

maxillary tuberosity

Answer 135

a small, rounded extension of bone, covered with soft tissue, is found posterior to the last maxillary tooth

Question 136

retromolar area

Answer 136

The retromolar area is a triangular area of bone, covered with soft tissue, posterior to the last mandibular tooth

Question 137

exotoses

Answer 137

Exostoses are small bony growths on the buccal cortical plate of the vestibule – in a large portion of the population. They are normally of no consequence

Question 138

bony eminence

Answer 138

The bony eminence is the raised contour of bone, covered with soft tissue, that follows the roots of the teeth, in particular, the canine eminence

Question 139

gingiva

Answer 139

Surrounding the necks of the teeth and covering the bone in which the teeth are anchored is a pink, stippled mucosa called the gingiva

Question 140

rugae

Answer 140

The rugae are transverse ridges of tissue found in the anterior portion of the hard palate. They extend laterally from the palatine raphe, which is a ridge of tissue running down the midline of the palate

Question 141

palatine raphe

Answer 141

the ridge of tissue running down the midline of the palate

Question 142

fovea palatinus

Answer 142

Two small indentations, one on either side of the raphe - are located at the junction of the hard and soft palate. These are remnants of minor salivary glands

Question 143

incisive papilla

Answer 143

There is a singular bulge of tissue at the mid-line immediately behind the maxillary central incisors known as the incisive papilla. Beneath this papilla is the incisive canal, which carries a nerve to the soft tissue lingual to the maxillary anterior teeth, a point of injection for anesthetizing the palatal gingiva adjacent to the maxillary anterior teeth

Question 144

torus palatinus

Answer 144

may be an excess bony growth in the midline of the hard palate

Question 145

functions of the hard palate

Answer 145

crush foods in preparation for swallowing
assists in swallowing
helps prevent injury to the oral structures by determining the texture and temperature of food

Question 146

Soft palate

Answer 146

The posterior third of the palate is called the soft palate. It is composed of muscular fibers covered with mucosa and is a deeper pink colour than the hard palate because of its highly vascular composition

During speaking or swallowing, the soft palate is elevated and pulled backward, closing off the nasal cavity.

Question 147

The following structures are located at the posterior portion of the oral cavity:

Answer 147

fauces – arch or entryway that joins the oral cavity with the pharynx, also called the oro-pharynx
pillars of fauces – two folds of tissue on either side, one behind, one in front of, the tonsils
palatopharyngeal arch or fold – a more prominent fold, behind the tonsil, also called the posterior pillar
palatoglossal arch or fold– immediately in front of the tonsil, also called the anterior pillar
palatine tonsils – masses of lymphoid tissue located between the anterior and posterior pillars of fauces

Question 148

ankyloglossia, or “tongue tied”

Answer 148

If the lingual frenum is attached close to the tongue and is rather short, the tongue will have limited movement. This condition is called ankyloglossia, or “tongue tied”.

Question 149

sublingual caruncle

Answer 149

At the base of the frenum, there is a small elevation on each side known as the sublingual caruncle. This is the opening for salivary glands

Question 150

sublingual fold

Answer 150

Extending from the sublingual caruncle back along the floor of the mouth on either side of the mouth is a fold of tissue called the sublingual fold, containing a number of small openings or ducts of the sublingual salivary gland

Question 151

mandibular tori

Answer 151

There may frequently be some bony projections on the lingual surface of the lower jaw at the cuspid-bicuspid area. These are similar to the palatal tori

Question 152

The Tongue

Answer 152

The tongue is an epithelial sac filled with muscles. The base is attached to the floor of the mouth, while the anterior portion is free

Question 153

Dorsum surface of tongue

Answer 153

the top of tongue

Question 154

ventral surface of tongue

Answer 154

the underside of tongue

Question 155

Functions of the tongue

Answer 155

crushes food against the hard palate
pushes food between the occlusal surfaces of the teeth
transfers food from one area of the mouth to another
mixes food with saliva
selects the parts of the masticated mass that is ready to be swallowed
assists in swallowing
after swallowing, it helps to cleanse the mouth of food residue
important in the formation of speech sounds

Question 156

Hairy Tongue

Answer 156

Sometimes the epithelium on these papillae grows very long and traps food. Pigments originating from oral bacteria and food may stain them

Question 157

Glossitis

Answer 157

Sometimes, the epithelium of tongue papillae is lost and the surface of the tongue becomes very smooth

Question 158

Foliate papillae

Answer 158

If you grasp the tip of the tongue with a piece of gauze and gently pull it out and to the side, you will see a roughened lateral surface back in the region of the vallate papillae. These are the foliate papillae. They are not well developed but do contain some taste buds

Question 159

lingual tonsils

Answer 159

is a region near the mid-line on the dorsum of the tongue, just behind the vallate papillae. This is tissue similar to that of the palatine tonsils and provides a defense mechanism in that area

Question 160

The _________ duct conveys saliva from the submandibular gland to the mouth.

Answer 160

Wharton’s

Question 161

Saliva from the parotid gland enters the mouth:

Answer 161

opposite the maxillary second molar

Question 162

The largest of the salivary glands, located below and towards the posterior of the mandible is the ___________ gland

Answer 162

Submandibular