Adrenergic Lectures Flashcards
What enzyme converts dopamine into NE in the synaptic vesicle?
Dopamine beta hydroxylase
What type of G protein is the D1 receptor coupled to?
Gs
What are the 3 routes of termination of an adrenergic transmitter?
1 neuron specific re-uptake (Highly specific)
2 extra-neuronal uptake, non-specifc, high capacity (a lot in liver cells)
3 Diffusion
What two intracellular enzymes metabolize adrenergic transmitters? Does this play a role in the termination of NE as a neurotransmitter?
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO, on mitochonrial surface) Catechol-O-methyletransferase (COMT in cytoplasm of many cell, notably liver) No these doe not play a role in the termination of NE as a neurotransmitter
Plasma levels of what are measured to detect excess adrenergic transmitters in a pheochromocytoma?
metanephrine
Name the receptor that causes the following effects in tissues: increase HR and force of contraction Bronchial muscle relaxation renin secretion from JGA lipolysis in adipose tissue dilation of arterioles increase metabolic effects
B1 - increase HR and force of contraction B2 - Bronchial muscle relaxation B1 - renin secretion from JGA B3 - lipolysis in adipose tissue B2 - dilation of arterioles B2 - increase metabolic effects
Name the receptor that causes the following effects in tissues
inhibit NE release and ACh release at presynaptic nerve endings
dilation of renal, mesenteric and cerebral arteries
decrease peripheral sympathetic tone at postsynaptic CNS sites
Constriction of arterioles and veins and uterus and spleen
a2 - inhibit NE release and ACh release at presynaptic nerve endings
D1 - dilation of renal, mesenteric and cerebral arteries
a2 - decrease peripheral sympathetic tone at postsynaptic CNS sites
a1 - Constriction of arterioles and veins and uterus and spleen
What types of adrenergic receptors are present in skeletal muscle? Describe the dominant effect at low and high concentrations of Epi?
Skeletal muscle has both a1 and B2 receptors. The B2 receptors have a lower threshold and are responsible for the expected response (dilation) at physiological levels (low) of epi. Effects of a1 are dominant (constriction) but are usually only seen with very high levels of Epi as are present in extreme shock.
Correctly order the agonist potency of ISO, EPI, NE, and DA on B1 receptors
ISO > Epi >= NE > DA
Correctly order the agonist potency of ISO, EPI, NE, and DA on B2 receptors
ISO > Epi»_space; NE»_space; DA
Correctly order the agonist potency of ISO, EPI, NE, and DA on a1 receptors
Epi >= NE > DA»_space; ISO
Correctly order the agonist potency of ISO, EPI, NE, and CLON on a2 receptors
CLON > Epi >= NE»_space; ISO
How do indirect NE agonists work?
Drugs cause release of NE from small cytoplasmic pool (NOT from synaptic vesicles)
What is tachyphylaxis?
Acute Tolerance: e.g. when small cytoplasmic pool of NE is rapidly used up with repeated tyramine injections
What are the effects of a low dose of DA?
direct action of DA on D1 receptros causes vasodilation; thus increase in blood flow notably at renal, mesenteric, and cerebral vessels; resulting in lowering of BP and increased urine output
What are the effects of a medium dose of DA?
Similar to low dose plus some action on B1 receptors in heart, and some indirect action/NE release; thus, positive inotropic effect
What are the effects of a high does of DA?
Similar to medium dose plus some direct action on vascular a1 receptors, and indirect action/NE release; thus, vasoconstriction (including renal, as a1 activation dominates DA receptor activation) can be used as a pressor
What are the effects on HR and BP and Peripheral Resistance with IV infusion (physiological amounts) of NE?
HR drops slightly
Diastolic, systolic and MAP rise
PP increases
peripheral resistance increases significantly
The reason HR decreases is dues to baroreceptor response to increase MAP triggering vagus to decrease HR which trumps effects of NE on B1
What are the effects on HR and BP and Peripheral Resistance with IV infusion (physiological amounts) of Epi?
HR increases MAP and systolic increase diastolic decreases PP increases peripheral resistance decreases
At low infusion rate B2 response in skeletal muscle overwhelms a1 response in resistance vessels, skin and mucosa, thus peripheral resistance drops
What are the effects on HR and BP and Peripheral Resistance with IV infusion (physiological amounts) of isoproterenol
HR increases Systolic pressure increases diastolic and MAP decrease PP increases Peripheral resistance decreases significantly.
What is the apocrine secretory function mediated by?
alpha adrenergic receptors
What effects does epinephrine have when given during anaphylactic shock?
a1 vasoconstriction
B2 brochodilation
B2 decrease histamine release from mast cells
What is an important consideration when stopping the use of a short acting adrenergic antagonist or agonist?
You must tapper off to avoid denervation hypersensitivity (antagonist) and desensitization (agonist)
What are 3 cautions with using alpha agonists?
1 localized ischemia may occur at infusion site
2 avoid extravasation (tissue necrosis)
3 gradually decrease infusion
