A&P 1.20 Flashcards
External obliques
A, I, O
A: unilateral: lateral flex vertebral column to the same side; rotate vertebral column to the opposite side
Bilaterally: flex the vertebral column
I: anterior part of the iliac crest, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba, inguinal ligament
O: external surfaces of 5th to 12th ribs
Named for location: external and direction of fibers: oblique
Inguinal ligament
Goes from ASIS to the pubis
Linea alba
From xipoid process to the pubic symphysis and crest
Fibrous network description
Continuous, three dimensional interpenetrating web
From dermis through superficial and deep fascia to the various mysiums and from those through tendons to periosteum, ligaments, bone and joint capsules
Membranes
Defined
Thin sheets that cover or line parts of the body
Two types of membranes
Epithelial
Connective
Epithelial membranes
3
Cutaneous membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
Epithelial membranes
Defined
Avascular layer of epithelium and a basement membrane of fibrous connective tissue
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
Covers the surface of the body
Specialized membrane that covers our entire body
Mucous membrane
Lines cavities that open to the external surface of the body
GI, respiratory, reproductive tracts
Serous membranes
Lines closed cavities within the ventral body cavity and line the organs within those cavities
Connective tissue membranes
Synovial
Meninges
Connective tissue membranes
2
No epithelial tissue; just connective tissue
Synovial
Meninges
Synovial membranes
Described
A layer of areolar connective tissue only, no epithelial layer
There are specialized cells within the areolar tissue in synovial membranes
contains no epithelium
Meninges
Define
Specific to nervous system
Are the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
Serous membranes
2 layers
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Space
Parietal layer
Outer layer that lines the “wall” of the cavity
Visceral layer
Inner layer that surrounds the “organs”
Space
Small potential space filled with serous fluid
Allows the organs to glide easily against each other and the walls of their cavity
3 serous membranes
Pericardium
Pleura
Peritoneum
Pericardium
Lines and surrounds the heart (pericardial cavities)
Pleura
Lines and surrounds the lungs
Peritoneum
Lines the abdominopelvic cavity and its organs
Folds of the peritoneum
Folds that hold organs in place within the abdominopelvic cavity
Includes:
Falciform ligament
Mesentery
Falciform ligament
Holds the liver in place
Hangs liver from diaphragm
Mesentery
Middle
Attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
Spinal curves
Primary and secondary
total of 4 curves
Primary curves
Posteriorly convex
Anteriorly concave
Thoracic and sacral
Present at birth as a single curve from head to sacrum
Fetal position curve
Secondary curves
Posteriorly concave
Anterior convex
Cervical and lumbar
Cervical: results from infants attempts to hold head upright
Lumbar: results from balancing efforts to walk
Pathologies of the spine
Abnormal spinal curves
3 types
Lordosis - secondary curves
Kyphosis - primary curves
Scoliosis
Lordosis
Swayback
Exaggerated lumbar curve
Kyphosis
Hunchback or dowagers hump
Exaggerated thoracic curve
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curve
Abnormal curves
The abnormal curves can be
Congenital
Idiopathic
Or related to:
Incorrect posture
Trauma
Disease
all three curves can effect
Breathing, posture, other vital functions
Treatment
Degree of curvature determines course of treatment
Treatment
massage
Postural bodywork can be very effective treatment
Such as structural integration
Connective membrane
Meninges
Fibrous connective tissue covering our brain and spinal cord
Meninges
3 layers
Pia mater
Arachnoid membrane
Dura mater
Pia mater
Deepest layer that adheres to the brain and spinal cord
Delicate mother
Arachnoid membrane
Intermediate layer
“Spider-like”
Dura mater
Superficial layer
Made of strong white fibrous tissue that adheres to the periosteum of surrounding bone
“Tough mother”
Meningeal folds
Separate the cranial vault into regions that separate portions of the brain
Cerebrum
Portion of the brain that sits on top
Conscious perception and thought
Voluntary movement
Split into 2 hemispheres
Cerebellum
In the back on the bottom
Large portion of the brain at the back of the skull
Motor activity is fine tuned
2 hemispheres
Separations
Both the cerebrum and cerebellum have left and right hemispheres
Meningeal folds
3
Flax cerebri
Flax cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli
Flax cerebri
separates the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres
Flax cerebelli
seperates the cerebellum into right and left cerebellar hemispheres
Tentorium cerebelli
Separates cerebrum and cerebellum
