A&P 1.11 Flashcards by Dennis Dickenson

Gluteus medius

A-abduction of the femur at hip, medial rotation of the femur

I - greater trochanter

O - Posterior ilium between superior/posterior and middle/anterior gluteal lines

Named for size

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Gluteus minimus

A - abduction of femur at the hip, medial rotation of femur

I - greater trochanter

O - gluteal surface between anterior/middle and inferior gluteal lines

Named for size

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Connective tissue

Types & ground substance

Few cells, abundant extracellular matrix

Fibrous - gel-like ground substance

Skeletal- hard ground substance- chondroitin sulfate (often used as a supplement)

Fluid - blood plasma ground surface

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Muscle

Types

Skeletal - attaches to bone (striated and voluntary)

Cardiac - heart (striated and involuntary)

Smooth - visceral, organ walls and blood vessels (non-striated and involuntary)

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Epithelial

Review

Many cells, little extracellular matrix
Covers and lines ducts

Membranous - covers and lines

Glandular - produce fluids

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Nervous

Review

Neurons - electrically excitable, can create an action potential
Neuroglia - support cells

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Tissue types from superficial to deep

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

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Muscle name

Examples

See slide

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Skeletal muscle

Anatomy

Individual 
Voluntary
Each muscle is it's own organ
Attaches to bone
Composed of muscle tissue: muscle cells or fibers

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fasicles

groups of skeletal muscle fibers

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Muscles named for fiber direction and arrangement

6 types

Parallel - rectus abdominus
Convergent - (triangular) gluteus muscles
Pennate ( uni, bi, multi) feathered (tendonous attachment)
Fusiform - quadriceps
Spiral - pectoralis major (twisting fibers)
Circular - around eye or mouth ( vagina/anus)

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Parallel

Fascicles run parallel to each other
Both ends have tendons

Example: sartorius

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Convergent or trianglar

Fascicles converge together

Example: pectoral is major and gluteus muscles

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Pennate

Short fascicles in relation to muscle length
Tendons run almost the entire length of muscle
Feathered
Tendonous attachment
example: rectus femoris

Example: rectus femoris

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Fusiform

Fascicles run parallel
Belly is larger than ends

Examples: biceps brachii

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Spiral

Fascicles twist or spiral between attachments

Example: lattissimus dorsi

Circular

Fascicles form a concentric circle
Forms sphincters that close orifices

Example: orbicularis

Fascia

Types

Superficial

Deep

Superficial fascia

contains

functions

Also called Subcutaneous or hypodermus

Contains nerve, blood vessels, lymph vessels

Made of areolar “packing material” and adipose tissue

Function: insulate, store fat, protect from physical trauma

Deep fascia

contains

functions

Below subcutaneous, surrounds muscle, bone and organism
Contains nerve, blood vessels, lymph vessels

Function: allows free movement in muscle and organs, gives support and stability in location

Functions of muscle tissue

Movement- body as a whole regulate organ volume, moves substance within the body

Heat production- byproduct of contraction

Posture - stabilize with partial contraction

Properties of muscle tissue

Electrically excitable
Contractility
Extensibility

Properties of muscle tissue

Electrically excitable

responds to nerve signal

Properties of muscle tissue

Contractility

ability to get small (when in action or working it can only tighten/shorten)

Properties of muscle tissue | Extensibility

- ability to stretch without damaging tissue (requires conscious action to forcibly stretch) due to elasticity it returns to resting state

Layers of muscles

Muscle or individual organ made up of Fascicles or bunches of muscle Fibers or muscle cells

Coverings of muscles

Dense irregular: connective tissue that covers or wraps muscles and their tissue

Connective tissue covering of skeletal tissue

Deep fascia | "Shrink wrap" of dense irregular CT enclosing or covering muscle or parts

Three layers of fascia

epimysium - Perimysium - Endomysium - muscle fiber + muscle cell All three are continuous fibrous structures that attach muscles to bone called tendons

epimysium

covering around entire muscle

perimysium

tough CT envelopes muscle fibers called fasicles (groups of skeletal fibers)

endomysium

delicate CT membrane covering around individual highly specialized skeletal muscle fibers.

Tendon Defined

A strong tough cord that continues on either end of a muscle which is formed from the continuation of the fascia surrounding the muscle that connects with the bone and becomes the fascia surrounding bone

Aponeurosis Defined

A broad flat sheet of CT (same as tendon- different shape) that usually merges with the fibrous wrappings of another muscle. (Between two muscles that may attach to bone)

Nerve and blood supply of muscles

Highly vascular and highly innervated The ability of muscle to contract is directly related to its nerve and blood supply