A&P 1.11 Flashcards
Gluteus medius
A-abduction of the femur at hip, medial rotation of the femur
I - greater trochanter
O - Posterior ilium between superior/posterior and middle/anterior gluteal lines
Named for size
Gluteus minimus
A - abduction of femur at the hip, medial rotation of femur
I - greater trochanter
O - gluteal surface between anterior/middle and inferior gluteal lines
Named for size
Connective tissue
Types & ground substance
Few cells, abundant extracellular matrix
Fibrous - gel-like ground substance
Skeletal- hard ground substance- chondroitin sulfate (often used as a supplement)
Fluid - blood plasma ground surface
Muscle
Types
Skeletal - attaches to bone (striated and voluntary)
Cardiac - heart (striated and involuntary)
Smooth - visceral, organ walls and blood vessels (non-striated and involuntary)
Epithelial
Review
Many cells, little extracellular matrix
Covers and lines ducts
Membranous - covers and lines
Glandular - produce fluids
Nervous
Review
Neurons - electrically excitable, can create an action potential
Neuroglia - support cells
Tissue types from superficial to deep
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve
Muscle name
Examples
See slide
Skeletal muscle
Anatomy
Individual Voluntary Each muscle is it's own organ Attaches to bone Composed of muscle tissue: muscle cells or fibers
fasicles
groups of skeletal muscle fibers
Muscles named for fiber direction and arrangement
6 types
Parallel - rectus abdominus
Convergent - (triangular) gluteus muscles
Pennate ( uni, bi, multi) feathered (tendonous attachment)
Fusiform - quadriceps
Spiral - pectoralis major (twisting fibers)
Circular - around eye or mouth ( vagina/anus)
Parallel
Fascicles run parallel to each other
Both ends have tendons
Example: sartorius
Convergent or trianglar
Fascicles converge together
Example: pectoral is major and gluteus muscles
Pennate
Short fascicles in relation to muscle length
Tendons run almost the entire length of muscle
Feathered
Tendonous attachment
example: rectus femoris
Example: rectus femoris
Fusiform
Fascicles run parallel
Belly is larger than ends
Examples: biceps brachii
Spiral
Fascicles twist or spiral between attachments
Example: lattissimus dorsi
Circular
Fascicles form a concentric circle
Forms sphincters that close orifices
Example: orbicularis
Fascia
Types
Superficial
Deep
Superficial fascia
contains
functions
Also called Subcutaneous or hypodermus
Contains nerve, blood vessels, lymph vessels
Made of areolar “packing material” and adipose tissue
Function: insulate, store fat, protect from physical trauma
Deep fascia
contains
functions
Below subcutaneous, surrounds muscle, bone and organism
Contains nerve, blood vessels, lymph vessels
Function: allows free movement in muscle and organs, gives support and stability in location
Functions of muscle tissue
Movement- body as a whole regulate organ volume, moves substance within the body
Heat production- byproduct of contraction
Posture - stabilize with partial contraction
Properties of muscle tissue
Electrically excitable
Contractility
Extensibility
Properties of muscle tissue
Electrically excitable
- responds to nerve signal
Properties of muscle tissue
Contractility
- ability to get small (when in action or working it can only tighten/shorten)
Properties of muscle tissue
Extensibility
- ability to stretch without damaging tissue (requires conscious action to forcibly stretch) due to elasticity it returns to resting state
Layers of muscles
Muscle or individual organ made up of
Fascicles or bunches of muscle
Fibers or muscle cells
Coverings of muscles
Dense irregular: connective tissue that covers or wraps muscles and their tissue
Connective tissue covering of skeletal tissue
Deep fascia
“Shrink wrap” of dense irregular CT enclosing or covering muscle or parts
Three layers of fascia
epimysium -
Perimysium -
Endomysium -
muscle fiber + muscle cell
All three are continuous fibrous structures that attach muscles to bone called tendons
epimysium
covering around entire muscle
perimysium
tough CT envelopes muscle fibers called fasicles (groups of skeletal fibers)
endomysium
delicate CT membrane covering around individual highly specialized skeletal muscle fibers.
Tendon
Defined
A strong tough cord that continues on either end of a muscle which is formed from the continuation of the fascia surrounding the muscle that connects with the bone and becomes the fascia surrounding bone
Aponeurosis
Defined
A broad flat sheet of CT (same as tendon- different shape) that usually merges with the fibrous wrappings of another muscle. (Between two muscles that may attach to bone)
Nerve and blood supply of muscles
Highly vascular and highly innervated
The ability of muscle to contract is directly related to its nerve and blood supply
